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(p.405) Index
(p.405) Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Abbassid period, 198
Abdi, Kamyar, 9–10
Abdul Nasr, 220
Abduragimov, G. A., 101
Abramyan, A., 117
Abu el-Haj, Nadia, 302
Abuladze, Ilya, 105–6
Abu-Shukhidem camp, 334
Achaemenid monuments, 16
Afghanistan, 23
Aflaq, Michel, 201
Agathangelos, Saint, 103
Agayan, E., 117
Agni, 363
Akkadians, 219
Al Alli Asrani, 372
Alans, 149
Alazani Valley, 103
Albanian alphabet, 109–10
Albanian Benjamin, 104
Albanian Book, 99–100, 101, 106–19;
Armenian ethnonyms, 111;
attempt to link Albanian alphabet with Lezgi language, 117–18;
Gadjiev's critique of, 5–6;
goal of legitimating political aspirations of Lezgis, 115;
“Lezgian-Albanian” calendar, 117;
myths and inaccuracies, 114–16;
page of, 102;
parallels with History of the Lezgins, 116–17;
punctuation, 108–9;
“scholarship” surrounding, 107;
thirty-seven symbols, 109;
use of inaudible spirant f, 114
Albanian Lectionary, 120–21
Albanian palimpsests, 120
“Albanian Written Marks,” 110
Alice of Athlone, Princess, 223
Aligrama, 366
All That Remains (Khalidi), 334
Aloni, Shulamit, 285
Alpan, 107
Altneuland (Old New Land) (Herzl), 302
“Amazons,” 113
American Revolution, 21
Amideast, 333
Amnon (probably Ben-Tor), 260
Anatolia Insurance Company, 166
Anau, 178
ancient Romanian stage (Dridu culture), 136
(p.406)
Andian languages, 121
Ankara, 181
anticolonial archaeological traditions, 8
Aphraat, 112
Appianus, 113
“Appropriating the Past: Heritage, Tourism, and Archaeology in Israel” (Baram), 14
“Arab homeland,” 219
Arabian Gulf in Antiquity (Potts), 228
Arabian Gulf Rugby Football Union, 221
Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain, 221
Arabic language, 218
Arabic poetry, 200
Arab-Israeli war of 1948, 331
Arab-Israeli war of 1967, 49
Arab League, condemnation of Iran's recognition of Israel, 220
Arab nationalism: animosity toward the West, 220;
based on common language and shared history, 218;
branding of Iran as Western collaborator, 220;
formulation of in Iraq, 218;
and the Persian Gulf, 217–21
Arab states: attitude toward the Persian Gulf, 229–30;
support for Western archaeological research, 231
Aramaic script, 104
Aran, Gideon, 288
archaeological artifacts, repatriation, 310
archaeological literature: “Arabian Gulf” used more frequently from 1970s onward, 227;
use of names other than “Persian Gulf,” 221–29
archaeology: Arab, 225, 230–31;
closely tied to formation of nation-states in developing countries, 379;
and cultural efforts to create a consciousness of likeness among individuals, 18–21;
and new nationalism, 21–24;
and perpetuation of ethnic rivalries, 4;
as a politicized discipline, 2;
provision of “proof” for primordial ethnicity, 321;
recruited, 252;
role in civil religion, 13–14;
role of identity politics in, 2;
and social construction of knowledge, 19;
from a subaltern perspective, 4–11. See also Crimean church archaeology (tserkovnaia arkheologia); Israeli biblical archaeology
Archaeology magazine, 313
“An Archaeology of Palestine: Mourning a Dream” (Ziadeh-Seely), 10
Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf (Rice), 228
The Arctic Home in the Vedas (Tilak), 40
Arctic Homeland myth, 38–41, 52–57;
depiction of primordial realm of Nostratic (Boreal) family of languages, 55;
legitimation of territorial expansionism, 58–59;
pseudoscholarship on, 37–38;
racial connotations, 58;
Arctida (Arctogäa), 39
Ariel, Rabbi Ya'akov, 287–88
Arikan, Saffet, 180
Arisena, 372
Ariyana (“the land of the Aryas”), 372
Armenia, 104
Armenian script, 108
Arnoff, Myron, 304
Arnold, Bettina, 343
Aryan, as a linguistic label, 357–61
“Aryan astrology,” 56
Aryan homeland: as originary locus of Indo-Europeans, 172;
quest for in northern India, 20;
southern Urals viewed as, 52;
Aryan Homeland (Shilov), 45
(p.407)
“The Aryan Homeland Debate in India” (Ratnagar), 15
Aryan India, 352–55
Aryanism: became increasingly identified with Hinduism in nineteenth century, 354;
past and current misuses of, 7;
Russian nationalists' attempt to isolate Ukrainians from, 45–46;
“Slavic-Aryanism,” 38
Aryan Problem, 371
Aryan Rus', 51
Aryans, 354;
arguments for an indigenous origin, 368–70;
immigrants in South Asia after 2000 BC, 350;
imposed rule over fortified Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex settlements, 365;
intertribal rivalry among, 364;
and race, 355–57
The Aryans (Childe), 172–73
“Arya-Rus,” 46
Aryavarta, 355
Ashkenazi, 308
Assyrians, 219
Atakule tower, 165
Atlas of the World, original version of map of Persian Gulf region, 207
Autonomous Republic of Crimea in Ukraine, 86
Avarian language, 121
Avaro-Ando-Didoian language, 118
Avars, 121
Avestan texts, 366
Ayudhaya, 382–83
Azarnoush, Massoud, 228
Azov Sea region, 43
Babylonians, 219
Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), 364, 365;
artifacts with parallels elsewhere, 365;
seals, 366;
viewed as Indo-Iranian, 366
Baghdad, 217
Baghdad Modern Art Group (Jama'et Baghdad lil Fann al-Hadity), 199
Bahrain: entered protectorate treaty with British in 1861, 214;
first systematic archaeological field research, 225;
and Gulf Cooperation Council, 216;
independence, 213
Bali, 390
Bamachane, 251
Banas culture, 367
Bandar-i Lingah, 214
Bangkok, 391
Bangkok period, 383
Baram, Uzi, 14
Baramki, D., 331
Bar Kokha Revolt of 135 CE, 306
Basra, 218
Basra Körfezi (the Gulf of Basra), 212
Basra University Center for Arabian Gulf Studies, 221
Battle Axe culture, 48
Bauman, Joel, 321
Bayyati, ̒Abd al-Wahhab al-, 200
Beinin, Joel, 308
Beisan, 316
Beit Alpha mosaic, 304
Belleten, 181
Belov, A. K., 48–49
Belovodye, 52
Ben-Dov, Meir, 269
Benedict XVI, Pope, 11
Ben-Gurion, David, 290
Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak, 290
Bernhardsson, Magnus T., 8
Bethlehem, 314
Bhagwanpura, Late Harappan-Painted Grey Ware overlap, 367
Bharata clan, 363
Bibby, Geoffrey, 226
The Bible Unearthed (Finkelstein and Silberman), 318
biblical archaeology. See Israeli biblical archaeology
Big Foot, 54
Birkot Ghundai, 366
Birzeit Research Review, 340
Birzeit University archaeology program, 332–34;
acceptance of multiethnic nature of Palestine's cultural history, 336–37;
conflict between processually and traditionally trained archaeologists, 341;
efforts to engage Palestinian intellectuals, 340;
fieldwork requirements, 337;
limited to salvage operations because of legal complications of excavating in occupied territories, 337, 338–39;
processual archaeology, 335;
“refugee camp archaeology,” 334;
research on Ottoman Palestine, 335;
salvage excavations at Tell Jenin, 339;
shut down in 2003, 341;
summer field schools, 338;
black-and-red pottery, 367
The Black Book (Pamuk), 163
Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism (Ignatieff), 3
Bogazköy, 176
Boia, Lucian, 130
Bopp, Franz, 352
“Borean race,” 39
Borisov, Innokentii, 74
Botai, 364
Bowersock, G. W., 306
Breasted, James Henry, 219
Breckenridge, C., 352
Britain: archaeological fieldwork in newly formed Arab states, 217;
consolidation of control over Arab sheikhdoms, 213;
creation of Arab states out of Ottoman Empire, 217;
creation of state of Transjordan, 213;
denied Iraqis active participation in archaeology, 194;
establishment of Iraqi Department of Antiquities, 222;
excavations in Iraq, 222;
Exclusive Agreement of 1892, 213;
General Treaty of Peace, 212;
helped foreign nationals to export large quantities of antiquities from Iraq, 196;
political and military presence in Persian Gulf region to secure oil resources, 213;
British Council, 333
British Museum, 222
British Oriental Secretary in Baghdad, 194
Bulgarians, 149
Burebista, 140–41
Burkhardt, John Lewis, 329
Burma, 383
Burmese, 392
Bush, George W., 12
Byelorussians, 34
Byzantine Empire, 184
Caesarea, 300
Caldwell, Robert, 353
Campbell Thompson, Reginald, 222
Camp David Peace Accords, 309
Çankaya, 166
(p.409)
Cappadocia, 176
Carpelan, C., 364
Carpi, 147–48
caste endogamy, 355
Catherine II, Greek Project, 75
Caucasian Albania: burial customs of, 113;
Christian Ecclesiastic Writing in, 120;
existence from end of first millennium BC until beginning of seventh century AD, 99;
literary culture among highly ranked administrators, 104;
official seal of chief Christian church inscribed with Middle Persian writing, 105;
relationship with Iran, 105
Caucasian Albania-Lezgistan: History and Modernity (Abduragimov), 101
Caucasian Albanian writing: creation of original Albanian alphabet, 104;
directly ancestral to Udin, 6;
facts of archaeology, 106;
medieval cursive, 108;
Caucasian Autonomous Republic of Daghestan, 101
Caucasus, map of, 100
Ceauşescu dictatorship, 128
Celts, habitation in central Turkey, 181
Center for Arabian Gulf Studies, Basra University, 221
Central Asian Seven Rivers (Semirechie) region, as Indo-European homeland, 58
Central World Yeshiva, 287
Centre for Arab Gulf Studies, University of Exeter (renamed Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies), 221
Ceram, C. W., 175
Cernjakhov culture settlements, 149
Cernjakhov find spots, 145
Chalam, K. S. R. V. S., 370
Chalcolithic Banas/Ahar culture, 367
Chalcolithic Vinça culture, 48
Chanhu-daro, 365
Chelyabinsk region, 46
Chiang Mai, 382
Chitral, 366
Chivilikhin, Vladimir A., 37
Chlenova, N. L., 40
The Chronicle of Nestor, 76
church archaeology. See Crimean church archaeology (tserkovnaia arkheologia); Russian Orthodox Church
Church of the Nativity, 314
civil religion, defined, 13
Claudius Ptolemy, 100
Clement, Saint, 76
Cline, Eric, 317
Cohen-Hattab, Kobi, 321
collective memory, and construction of national identities, 21
College of Judea and Samaria, 282
colonialist archaeology, 302
Constantine, 75
Constantinople, 231
Corded Ware culture, 48
craniometry, 356
Crawford, Harriet, 228
cremation burials, 366
Crimea, 86;
birthplace of Russian and Ukrainian archaeological traditions, 75;
Byzantine ruins, 77;
“cave cities,” 76;
colonized by Greeks in fifth century BCE, 75;
Islamization, 73;
Kherson-Tauride diocese, 77;
mixed population, 6;
relationship with Ukraine, 74;
as “Slavic Pompeii,” 71;
Tatar khanate of Ottoman Empire before 1788, 74–77
Crimean church archaeology (tserkovnaia arkheologia), 16, 72, 73;
birth of, and Archbishop Innokentii, 77–83;
Imperial Society of History and Antiquity, 83;
monastery in Inkerman cliffs, 80;
monastery in ruins of Chersonesos, 80;
nineteenth century, 83–86;
Odessa Society for History and Antiquity, 83;
at present, 86–91;
problem of authority over ruins considered to be holy, 86–87;
study of Christian ruins took priority after Greek War of Independence, 75–76;
Tauride Archival Commission (Tauride Society for History, Archaeology, and Ethnography), 85;
transformation of ruins into relics, 91
Crimean Tatars: decimation and exile after World War II, 73;
Crimean War, 79
Croly, Herbert, 21
Cro-Magnon culture, 49
cross, Christian, 105
Cumhuriyet, 182
Cyril, 76
Cyrillic script, 47
Dacia Revival International Society, 130
Daco-Roman stage (the Bratei-Ipoteşti-Costişs culture), 136. See also The History of the Romanians (Istoria Românilor) (Niculescu)
Dalokay, Vedat, 166
Dani, Ahmad Hasan, 209
Danilenko, V. N., 44
Dardic language family, 359
Darginian language, 118
Daryaee, Touraj, 209
Davidson Centre museum, 320
Dayanand Saraswati, 354–55
Dead Sea Caves, 306
Decebalus, 142
“Demin syndrome,” 56
Deshpande, M. M., 361
Deutsch-Orient Gesellschaft, 222
Dever, W., 332
Dhavalikar, M. K., 372
Dholavira, 371
Dikshit, K. N., 367
Dilman, Abraham Necmi, 181
Dilmun, 224
Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbours (Crawford), 228
Dio Cassius, 113
diphthongs, 359
Dir, 366
The Discovery of India (Nehru), 353
Diyala region, 222
Dmitri, archbishop of Tauride and Simferopol, 85
Dmitri, archbishop of Tauride and Simferopol, 85
Dobrogea, 151
Dravidian languages, 353
Drishadvati, 372
Dudakov, Savely, 50–51
Dumitrasşu, Sever, 146
Durand, E. L., 225
Early Iron Age, 59
eastern Caucasian languages, 118
Ebal, Mount, 292
Edessa, 103
Efrat, 284
Egypt, 220
Egypt Exploration Society, 175
Einhorn, Talia, 310
Ekron inscription, 300
El Al, 252
Elazar Ben-Yair, 256
Elbrus Mountain, 55
Elgin, Lord, 176
Elon, Amos, 304
EMI, 252
Empire of the Hittites (Wright), 176
Emre, Ahmet Cevat, 183
Encyclopedia Judaica, 265
Eretz Yisrael, 314
Ergin, Ann, 183
Essay on Comparative Mythology (Müller), 177–78
Essenes in Qumran, 259
“Ethnic and Cultural Heritage of Caucasian Albania,” 119–20
ethnic Russians, 34
ethnos, Greek functional definition of, 337
Eti biscuit company, 166
Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, 41
Eurocentrism, 172
Europe: decreasing hegemony of church and core narratives of Bible, 169;
fascination with the “primitive” and “oriental,” 193;
race central to production of identity, 172;
search for history in Middle East, 193
Evangelical Christian movements, image of Islam, 11
Evola, Julius, 55
Fahey, John, 209
Failaka Island, 226
al-Fardos (Paradise) Square, Baghdad, 189
Feige, Michael, 14
Feldman, Louis, 249
Feodosia, 75
Feofan, bishop of Poltava, 85
Fertile Crescent, 219
Field Museum, 222
Finkelstein, Israel, 318
Finley, Moses, 251
First Danish Expedition to Arabia, 225–26
Flavius Josephus, 2, 249, 253;
description of how the people on Masada killed their families, 263;
mention of spur on the western side of Masada, 270;
no description of “battle” of Masada, 259–60;
Northern Palace mentioned in context of collective suicide, 263;
Flavius Silva, 256
Florinsky, V. M., 58–59
folklore, 352
Foundations in the Dust (Lloyd), 225
fractional burials, 366
Francfort, H.-P., 366
Frankfort, Henri, 198
French Orientalists, 384
French Revolution, 21–22
French School of the Far East (Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient), 384
Freudian theory, 19
Gadjiev, Murtazali, 5
Gandhara, 356
Ganga, 371
Ganga-Juma interfluve, 367
Gargars, 119
Gathas, 359
Gaylani, Rashid Ali al-, 223
A General Outline of Turkish History (Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatlari), 170
Geneza, 44
Georgia, 6
Georgian script, 108
Gepids, 148
German Romanticism, 195
Ghazi I, King, 222
(p.412)
Ghilghilchay defensive wall, 115
Ghosh, A., 367
Gideon Aran, 288
Gilund, 367
Gimbutas, M., 37
Giurescu, Constantin C., 128
Glazunov, Ilya, 40
Glob, P. V., 226
Globa, Pavel, 56–57
Glorious Revolution, 21
Göker, Muzaffer, 182–83
Gomal Grave culture, 367
Gornung, B. V., 36
grama, 363
Grand Tour, 306
Greater Romania Party, 129
Greek script, 47
Guénon, Réne, 55
Gukasyan, V., 117
Gulf Air, 221
Günaltay, Semsedin, 184
Gupta, S. P., 369
Gusev, Oleg M., 58
Gush Emunim: and appropriation of land, 279–81, 282;
attempt to uncover Jewish history of disputed territories, 280–81;
“born-again landscape,” 283;
campaign to stop Israeli withdrawal from Sinai, 279;
ceased to exist in the mid-1980s, 279;
conflict with Palestinian Arab residents of West Bank, 279;
cultural critique of modern secular Zionism, 283;
interpretation of Bible through mediation of secular Zionism, 288–89;
opposition to Israeli archaeological establishment, 290–93;
suggestion for re-Zionization of archaeology, 292;
synthesis of myth with scientific history and archaeology, 286–89;
Gush Etzion, 284
Haerinck, Ernie, 209
Haifa, 302
Halamish, 284
Hall, H. R., 222
Hamilton, William, 176
Hamodea, 266
Harappan civilization, 174, 365, 369, 371, 373;
interpreted as Dravidian, 350;
posturban Cemetery H culture, 366–67;
sites, 356
Harmatta, J., 361
Har Megiddo, 317
Hashemite Kingdom, 200
Hassan, Faiq, 199
Hassmann, Henning, 343
Hatzophe, 266
Hatzor, 277
Hecataeus of Miletus, 212
Hemphill, B. E., 357
Herodion, 256
Hills, Stuart L., 19
Hindu Sabha, 355
History of the Lezgins, 116–17
The History of the Romanians (Istoria Românilor) (Niculescu), 5, 127–33;
archaeology in, 133–37;
attempts to define concept of “archaeological culture,” 135;
“autochthonous” population presented as civilized, 138;
bad archaeology, 154;
choice of title, 132;
Christianity as testimony of continuity of Latin-speaking indigenous population in post-Roman Dacia, 151–52;
depiction of relations between Dacians and other barbarian peoples, 146;
differences in quality between the volumes and chapters of, 131;
everything belonging to Roman tradition attributed to “Daco-Romans,” 148;
foreigners almost always presented as intruders, 144–46;
local population after the withdrawal of the Romans from Dacia, 147–52;
metallurgy as exclusively “autochthonous,” 149;
mixed argumentation of knowledge produced in various disciplines, 133;
political organization of paramount importance, 150–51;
published reactions to, 132;
rejection of Thracomania, 130;
social organization of the “Daco-Romans,” 149–50;
subordination of archaeological knowledge to political goals, 154;
Hitler, Adolph, 59
Hittite empire, 184
The Hittites in Asia Minor (Sayce), 176
Hittite sun, 9, 15, 164;
changing values for, 165;
chosen to replace swastika as Turkish icon, 178;
first used symbolically on commercial goods, 166;
metaphoric condensation of an entire historico-linguistic thesis, 184;
emergence in 1961 of modern symbolic life, 168;
monument of in Sihhiye Square, 166–67;
monument to with Kocatepe Mosque in background, 167;
signification based on politicized colonial discourses, 177–78;
sign of racial affiliations, 181
Hodder, I., 343
Holy Land Experience, Orlando, Florida, 320
Hormizd III, Shah, 105
horse-riding, mastered around 2000 BC, 364
House of David, 300
Hrozny, Bedrich, 176
Humann, Karl, 176
Huntington, Samuel, 11
Hurro-Urartian language, 118
Husayn, Sharif, 223
Husri, Abu-Khaldun Sati' al-, 199;
clash with Bell, 196;
first division of artifacts with a foreign expedition, 198;
foundation for an indigenous Iraqi archaeology, 222–23;
key role in Ottoman educational system, 195
Hussein, Kahdim Sharif, 190
Hussein, King, 307
Hussein, Saddam, 8, 192, 216, 221;
manipulation of archaeology, 201–2;
museums as symbols of regime, 201;
toppling of the statue of, 189–90;
use of ancient history to unite country, 201
Husseini, S., 331
“Hyperborea—97,” 52
Hyperborea—a Siberian Homeland, 55
Iberia, 104
Ibrahim, Muawiya, 332
Iha al-Watana (National Brotherhood Party), 222
Ila Brabani, 372
(p.414)
“The Impact of Colonialism and Nationalism in the Archaeology of Thailand” (Shoocongdej), 8
India: archaeology, 370–71;
census of 1901, 353;
physical anthropology preoccupied with skull types, 356;
quest for mythical Aryan homeland, 20;
relationship between archaeology and nationalism, 4;
“India and Iran: The Confluence of Musical Cultures,” 373
Indo-Evropa, 43
Indo-Iranian homeland, 39
Indological scholarship, 352
Indra, 363
Indus plains, intrusive cultures on, 366
inhumation, 366
Innokentii, Archbishop: and birth of church archaeology, 77–83;
casting of Crimea as holy place of Russian Empire, 78–79;
passion for restoring old monasteries, 79;
Russian Athos program, 84;
use of archaeology to legitimate Russian Church expansion in Muslim areas, 83
intellectual populism, nationalism and, 50–51
Iran, 9–10;
advertisement of the Aria car, 17;
and Albania, 105;
Arabs believed to be archenemy of, 211;
claims on southern shores of Persian Gulf and its islands since pre-Islamic times, 213;
claims over Bahrain, 214–15;
de facto recognition of Israel, 220;
evidence for horse-drawn chariot warfare in second millennium BC, 362;
growing influence in Persian Gulf region viewed as threat by Arab states, 215;
Iraq War, 211;
Islamic Republic, 11;
name “Persian Gulf” part of national heritage, 221;
no separation of church and state, 13;
self-appointed position of guardian of the Persian Gulf, 213;
study of pre-Islamic national heritages, 16
Iranian archaeology: and nationalism, 4;
rapprochement with the West in recent years, 228;
self-imposed isolation following revolution of 1979, 227;
and Western archaeologists' disregard for name of “Persian Gulf,” 228
Irano-Iraqi Boundary Treaty, 224
Iranology Conference, 209
Iran Tribune, 17
Iraq: American invasion of, 189;
art scene of 1950s, 199–200;
1958 coup, 219;
free-verse movement (al-shi'r al-hurr), 200;
independence from Britain, 222;
invasion of Iran, 216;
invasion of Kuwait, 217;
modern state of established in 1921, 192;
plundering of antiquities of, 190–91;
referred to as Persian Gulf (Al-khalij al-'Arabi), 220;
seat of the Abbassid Caliphate in the ninth century CE, 192;
system of indirect rule by British colonial officials after World War I, 194
Iraqi archaeology: antiquities legislation of 1936, 198, 222;
anti-Westernism in 1930s, 198–99;
British control of, 197;
and fight against British encroachment, 8;
independent and sanctioned stages, 199–203;
(p.415)
international stage, 192–94;
national or negotiated stage, 194–99
as a political tool during al-Husri's tenure, 197;
scientific justification for government's legitimacy, 191;
stages of, 192;
unified nation and created sense of belonging, 191
Iraqi Department of Antiquities: establishment of, 221;
first Iraqi excavation at ruins of Wasit, 197–98;
independent excavations at Samarra, Wasit, Tell 'Uqair, 'Aqar Quf, Hassuna, Tell Harmal, and Eridu, 224;
Iraqi Institute of Fine Arts, 199
Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council, 221
Iraqi Shi'is, 201
Iriniarkh, bishop of Berezovsk, 85
Iron Age, 362
Iron Age Basarabi culture, 137
Islam: disdain for pre-Islamic cultural relics originating during “Jahilliya” in, 16, 331;
encouraging detachment of Muslims from distant past, 16
Israel: British Mandate, 327, 331;
chronology for, 303;
development towns, 316;
divisions in, 307–9;
fiftieth anniversary of the state, 307;
Government Names Committee, 284;
identity determined by state, 308;
Likud governments starting in 1977, 308;
nationalist needs now subsumed by diplomatic and economic needs, 310;
National Park Authority, 315;
“new historians,” 291;
no separation of church and state, 13;
Palestinians as “the Other,” 308;
religious-secular divide, 309;
return of Sinai to Egypt, 309;
1956 War, 307;
War of Attrition, 307;
Yom Kippur War, 307
Israel Exploration Society, 277
Israeli Antiquities Law of 1978, 331
Israeli biblical archaeology, 12;
Beit She'an, 315–17;
central to Israel's “civil religion” during 1950s and 1960s, 277;
comparison of first-and second-stage, 289–90;
consumption of, 285–86;
double irony of second-stage, 293–94;
economic role of, 14–15;
excavations throughout West Bank and Gaza, 338;
focus on sites associated with Bronze and Iron Ages, 302;
helped to maintain belief in unity and to mask divisions, 307;
historical narrative different from that of Zionist movement, 291;
influence of religious narratives on, 14;
Judaization of archaeological sites in the West Bank and Gaza, 342;
lack of criticism of practices in Palestine, 344;
little attention to Islamic eras, 302;
national archaeologists, 291;
and notion that all Jews have a common ancestry, 304;
Operation Scroll, 342;
postnationalist agenda, 300;
and post-Zionism, 309–12;
present day, 315–21;
and reproduction of the ancient map, 281–84;
second phase, 278–79;
Israeli “Golden Age,” 288
Israeli Jews, in modern Israel, 255
Israeli tourism, 313–15;
Megiddo, 317–18;
miniature Jerusalem, 319–21;
representations of Israel, 313–14;
tours available, 314
Israel Museum, 320
Izvestiia, 41
Jaffa Gate, 304
Jains, 350
Jaya Buddha Mahanatha, 390
Jenin, 339
Jeremy, Bishop, 104
Jerusalem at Chautauqua, New York, 320
Jewish Palestine Exploration Society, 332
“Jewish Underground,” 279
Jilazoun, 283
Joglekar, P. P., 357
Jones, William, 352
Jordanian Provisional Antiquity Law of 1967, 331
Josephus. See Flavius Josephus
Josiah, king of Judah, 317
Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, 331
Judea, 282
Judean desert caves, 277
Julius Capitolinus, 103
Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi), 165
K. Kekelidze Institute of Manuscripts, Georgian Academy of Sciences, 119–20
Karim Khan Zand, 214
Karka de bet Seloh, 112
Katz, Shaul, 305
Katzover, Benny, 285
Kazakhstan, 364
Kaziev, S., 106
Keppen, P. I., 79
Kerch, 75
Khafajah, 222
Khalidi, Rashid, 308
Al-Khalij al-Basra (Gulf of Basra), 219
Khinaman, 365
Khorsabad, 222
Khrushchev, Nikita, 74
Khuzestan, 216
Kibbutz Beit Alpha, 304
Kikkuli the Mitannian, 359
The King and I, 383
Klimov, G. A., 109
Knesset, 309
Kohn, Hans, 22
Kook, Rabbi A. I., 287
Korchagin, Viktor I., 40
Koryun, 104
Kosis/Kasik, 113
Koyşay, Hamid Zübeyir, 181
Kozelsky, Mara, 6–7
Krasnosel'tsev, N. F., 84
Kristianovich, Alexander, 85
kurgans, 113
Kuril Islands, 58
Lajpat Rai, Lala, 355
Lakian, 118
Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C., 366
lance, 362
Landnahme, 144
land-of-Israel studies, 287
Laotians, 384
Lapp, P., 332
Lavie, Tzvi, 266
Lazar, Metropolitan, 87–88
Lazarev, Y. S., 53
lectionary, 120
Lezgian national calendar, 117
Lezgian National Movement (“Sadval” [Unity] party), 101
Lezgi Gazet, 107
Lezginskiy Vestnik, 107
Lezgis and the Ancient Civilizations of the Near East: History, Myths, and Stories (Abduragimov), 101
Lezgistan, 101
(p.417)
Lezgistandin Habarar, 107
Likud, 306
“Linguistic Paleontology,” 172
Lişcoteanca, 145
Lithai, King, 392
Livanov, F. V., 85
Living with the Bible (Dayan), 305
Livne, Micha, 270
Lopburi, 386
Lothal, 369
Louvre, 222
Lukacs, J. R., 357
Macedonia, 10
Macherus, 256
Magan, 224
Magen, Isaac, 337
Magness, Jodi, 253
Magyars, 149
Majidzadeh, Yousef, 228
Majlis al-Ta'avon al-doval al-Khalij al-̒Arabiya, 216–17
Mala'ika, Naziq al-, 200
Malay states, 384
Mallory, J. P., 365
Maltepe Cigarettes, 166
Mamluk, 331
Marchard, Suzanne, 75
Margiana, 365
Marr, N. Y., 121
Martin, Saint, 76
Masada, 301;
declared a UNESCO World Heritage center, 249;
looking from east to west, 253;
looking south, 248;
and the politics of modern archaeology, 251–53;
Masada: Herold's Fortress and the Zealot's Last Stand (Yadin), 306
Masada excavations, and construction of knowledge: “Battle of Masada,” 259–60;
Sicarii versus Zealots, 258–59;
siege ramp, 268–72;
Masada mythical narrative, 2, 254–55;
cornerstone in shaping national and personal identities, 255;
heroic “last stand,” 260;
justification for use of force for political and ideological purposes, 252;
no longer needed for Israeli national consciousness, 311–12;
Maskuts, 112
Mazar, Amihai, 302
Medvedev, Dmitry, 46
Mehi, 365
Mehrgarh, 365
Meir, Golda, 311
Melamed, Rabbi Zalman, 287
Melitopol', 43
Menachem Ben-Yehuda, 256
Mesopotamia: crude and reckless digging by Europeans in nineteenth century, 175, 192–93;
golden era of archaeology of 1920s and early 1930s, 222
Mesopotamians, referred to Persian Gulf as Lower Sea, 212
Mesrop Mashtots, 104
Methodius, 76
Middle Eastern archaeology, unbalanced interest in fortified cities, temples, and palaces, 336
Mihran, Duke of Ghardman, 105
Minorskii, V. F., 116
Misra, V. M., 372
Mizrachi, 308–9
modernism, 168
Mohammad, Prophet, 231
Mohammad-Ali Mostafa, 224
Mohammad Mossadiq, 220
Mon, 384
Mongolian interlude, 32
(p.418)
Mon script, 390
Montadon, S. N., 79
Moon-Wagon, 105
Moscow Slavic Pagan Community, 48
Mossadegh, M., 9
Mosul, 217
Motherland Party, 167
Mukherjee, B. N., 368
Müller, Max, 177–78
Murmansk region, 54
Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, 163
Mustafa Kemal. See Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal)
Nadi, R. N., 363
Nadir Shah Afshar, 214
Nakhian language, 118
Nakhon Si Thammarat, 386
Namazga VI, 365
Narkis, Uzi, 251
Narrow Pass, Black Mountain (Ceram), 175
Nasb al-Hurriyah (The Monument of Freedom) (Salim), 200
Nash Sovremennik, 41
Nasledie predkov, 45
Nasserism, 219
nation, role of past in construction of, 351
National Club of the Old Russian Battle Wrestling, 48
national/cultural trauma, 20
national cultures, constructed by intellectuals, 351–52
National Geographic Society (NGS): Atlas of the World, 206, 207;
change of name of Persian Gulf, 206–11;
modified version of the map of the Persian Gulf region, 210
National Iranian American Council, 209
nationalism: Arab, 217–21;
began in Western Europe as popular sovereignty movement, 22;
German, 51;
and intellectual populism, 50–51;
and Iranian archaeology, 4;
modern ethnic, and racism, 50;
in response to colonialism and the study of archaeology, 379;
and Romanian archaeology, 3;
and use of archaeology as a basis for truth-claims about the ancient origins of the nation, 278. See also Russian ethnic nationalism
National Preserve of Tauric Chersonesos, 88
National Republican Party of Russia, 59
Natsheh, Yousef Said al-, 320
Natsionalist, 59
Natufians, 49
Nature, 269
Nauka i religiia (Science and Religion), 52
Nazareth, 314
Nazi Afrika Korps, 254
Nazi swastika, 59
Nebuchadnezzar, 8
Nebuchadnezzar II, palace of, 202
Negritos, 384
Neolithic revolution, 42
Neve Tsuf, 284
new nationalism, 21–24
New Russian Calendar, 82
New Russia University, 83
“new Soviet people,” 33
New Stone Age, 171
Niculescu, Gheorge Alexandru, 5
Nineveh and Its Remains (Layard), 193
Nizami Ganjevi, 115
nomenklatura, 129
Nord-West Club, 56
Novgorodov, 55
Nysa-Scythopolis, 316
(p.419)
Observer, 250
Odessa Herald, 78
Olivet, Fabre d' 39
Olteanu, Ştefan, 132
oral history, often confined to the local level, 330
Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 222
origin narratives: complicity with categorization and hierarchical ranking of races, 185–86;
Western, 169
Orod, King, 103
Orthodox Antiquities of Tauride (Pravoslavnye drevnosti Tavrike: Sbornik materialov po tserkovnoi arkheologii), 87–88
Osmanov, Nariman O., 107
Ottoman Palestine: archaeology of alien from mainstream historical archaeology, 336;
ethno-archaeological research addressing site-formation processes, 335
Oxford University, 222
Pahlavi, Reza, 209
Pahlavi kings, 372
Painted Grey Ware (PGW), 367
Painted Grey Ware Hastinapur, 367
Palestina Secunda, 316
Palestine: adoption of idea that Palestinians are descendants of the Canaanites, 342;
argument of population by proto-Slavs, 49;
British Mandate antiquities laws used to confiscate land, 331;
colonization by Britain, 328;
disdain for pre-Islamic history, 16;
establishment of state of Israel on larger part of, 328;
ethnic cleansing, 328;
growing appreciation for ethnographic heritage, 343;
intifada of 1987, 10;
Israeli occupation, 327;
Jewish nationalists in, 304;
need for adoption of antiquities policy, 343;
second intifada, 341–42;
threat of Nazi invasion of, 254;
West Bank and Gaza Strip, 328
Palestine Hotel, 189
Palestine Liberation Organization, 307
Palestinian Arabs, 279
Palestinian archaeologists: class-consciousness of younger generation, 336;
Palestinian archaeology: attempt for relevance to national struggle without compromise to professional integrity, 326–27;
challenges and difficulties, 337–41;
controlled by Israeli-run Department of Antiquities, 337;
emergence of new tradition, 332–37;
fieldwork shaped political dimensions, 334;
after the first intifada, 341–43;
goal of recognizing the multiethnic nature of Palestine's history, 330;
interdisciplinary team of archaeologists, 333;
liberationist archaeology, 10–11;
looting and destruction of archaeological record, 342;
need for, 327–30;
need for archaeological preservation vs. needs of Palestinians to expand, 339;
obstacles faced, 10;
official repression of, 10;
and politics, 326–27;
post-intifada nationalism, 342–43;
shift from inquiry into monumental sites and centers of power to villages, 335–36;
stunted for years following 1948 war, 331–32;
in suspension as long as Palestinian nationhood remains unrealized, 342;
ultranationalist phase, 24
palimpsests, 120
Pamiat' (Chivilikhin), 37
Pamuk, Orhan, 163
Papacosteau, Şerban, 132
(p.420)
Parthenon/Elgin Marbles, 310
Parthian monuments, in Iran, 16
Pasha, Yasin, 195
past, nature of, 20
Pathak, V. S., 369
Patnaik, A., 370
peasant societies, perception of history and identity in, 330
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, 215
People's Front for the Liberation of Oman, 215
Periodos Ges, 212
Peroz, 105
Persian Gulf festival, 208
Persian gulf (Persikos kolpos): and Arab nationalism, 217–21, 229–30;
change of name, and National Geographic Society, 206–11;
common name for body of water between Iran and Arabian Peninsula, 212;
debate over name, 9–10;
linked Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula to India and the Far East, 220;
referred to as Lower Sea by Mesopotamians, 212;
use of other names for in archaeological literature, 221–29
Persians, 219
Phaestos Disc, 122–23
Phayao, 386
Philistines, 49
Phoenicians, 49
Phra Phai Luang, 390
Phrygian era, 184
Piatigorsk Center of Youngsters' Tourism, 56
Pillars of Hercules, renamed Jabal al-Tariq (Gibraltar), 231
The Pirate Coast (Belgrave), 225
Pirousan, M. A., 105
Pittard, Eugene, 181
Plutarch, 113
“Polar hypothesis,” 39
Popa, Radu, 132
Popular Front for the Liberation of the Arabian Gulf (Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arab Gulf), 215
post-Soviet countries: ethnonationalist values in all non-Russian republics, 33;
national identity crisis, 31;
post-Zionism, 310–11
Potts, D. T., 228
Prehistoric Migrations in Europe (Childe), 173
President Parliament Government, 56
Prideaux, F. P., 225
The Promise of American Life (Croly), 21
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 49
Proto-Kartvelian, 360
Pumpelly, Raphael, 178
Punjab, 355
Purim demukafin (Purim of walled cities), 286
Putin, Vladimir, 46
Qaboos bin-Said, Sultan, 215
Qajars, 214
Qasir Hisham, 331
Qawasim, 214
Qeys (Kish), 206
Quarterly of the Department of Antiquity, 331
Qumran Caves, 310
Rabin, Yitzhak, 309
race: Aryans and, 355–57;
central to European identity, 172;
in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, 355
racialist science, 355–56
(p.421)
racism, embedded in Aryan idea, 56–57
Ranade, Ashok, 373
Rao, S. R., 369
Ras al-Khaimah, 213
Razorenov, F., 40
recruited archaeology, 252
refugee camp archaeology, 334
Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India (Van Der Veer), 11
Remzi Aguz Arik, 164
Reşit Galip, 172
retroflexion, 360–61
Rice, Michael, 228
Rikin Gaf, 107
“The Rise of the Hittite Sun: A Deconstruction of Western Civilization from the Margin” (Shaw), 9
Rishon LeZion, 322
Risley, H. H., 353
Rodina, 41
Romania, 23;
alternative high school history textbooks, 129;
Democratic Convention government, 129;
Social Democratic Party, 129
Romanian archaeology: and nationalism, 3;
official history uses archaeological evidence to build ethnic pedigree, 5;
as a provider of historical information when better sources are missing, 133–35;
traditional culture historical archaeology, 154
Romanic stage (the Ipoteşti-Cândeşti-Botoşana-Hansca-Filiaş culture), 136
Rommel, Erwin, 254
Roosevelt, Theodore, 21
Roshwald, Aviel, 22
Rowan, Yorke, 320
Roy, Ram Mohan, 356
Runes, 47
Russia: amateur scholars' promotion of pseudoscience, 7;
anti-Communist movements of late 1980s, 32;
crisis in national identity in post-Soviet era, 31;
damaging of folk culture by modernization in Soviet era, 33;
earliest written records in, 47;
ethnic Russians divided by new national borders, 34;
imperial policy regarding Tatars, 75;
loss of “elder brother” image, 34;
1833 nationality platform, 75;
neofascist groups, 7;
philhellenism, 75;
proto-Indo-European homeland hypothesis, 40–41;
Russian Academy of Sciences: Institute of Archaeology, 53;
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, 40;
Institute of Russian History, 41
Russian All-People Movement, 44
Russian cosmism, 54
Russian ethnic nationalism: anti-Western and anti-American attitudes, 37;
archaeology and, 50–57;
Asia Minor homeland idea, 37;
attempt to isolate Ukrainians from Aryanism, 45–46;
attempt to prove Slavic prehistoric achievements through archaeology, 51;
fascination with North, 57;
glorification of prehistoric site of Arkaim, 52;
identification of Indo-Europeans with Slav-Russes, 37;
Indo-European homeland hypotheses, 36–38;
isolationism, 57–58;
Pontic-Caspian steppe homeland idea, 36;
proto-Indo-European homeland hypothesis, 40–41;
search for ancestors who invented earliest writing system, 47;
Russian Messianism, 58
Russian Orthodox Church: influence on study of the past, 6, 7, 15–16;
initiation of archaeological research and restoration in Crimea, 72;
involvement in Chersonesos, 88–89;
marginalized under Soviet regime, 33;
perspective on role of archaeology, 87–88;
splintering of along national lines, 90;
view of Crimea as holy place, 73
Russky Revansh, 41
Russo-Turkish wars, 75
Al-Ruwad (The Pioneers), 199
sacredness, 13
Sadat, Anwar, 307
Sadeq Khalkhali, 216
Sadeq Rouhani, 216
Sadval, 107
“Sadval” (Unity) party, 101
Safavids, 213
Saint Vladimir Church, 89
Saivism, 354
Saladin, 317
Salam Arif, Colonel Abd al-, 200
Salim, Jewad, 199–200
Salman of Bahrain, Sheikh, 226
Samaria Seminary, 292
Samur, 107
Sanas, prince of Mushur, 115
Sanesan, King, 112
Sangkhalok ceramic, 388
Sanskrit, 390;
arya in, 349;
comparison with European languages, 352;
early, 359;
member of Indo-Aryan group, 357;
retroflexion, 360;
and Thai alphabet, 390
Sanskrit studies, 371
Sarasvati basin, 372
“Sarasvati” valley archaeology, 371
Sarmatian find spots, 145
Sarmatians, viewed as ancestors of Slavs, 58
Sᾰvescu, Napoleon, 130
Sawt al-Iraq (Voice of Iraq), 197
Sayce, Archibald Henry, 176
Sayyab, Badr Shakir al-, 200
Schumacher, Gottlieb, 318
science, and ideological struggles, 19
Scythia, 76
Seetzen, Ulrich, 329
Seid Lake, 53
Seljuks, 184
“Seltçuks,” 181
Semito-Arab homeland, 219
Sephardic Jews, 308
Sevastopol, 80
Shahanshah Kavad, 115
Shahdad, 365
Shanks, Hershel, 315–16
Shapira, Anita, 252
Sharjah, Sheikh of, 213
Shastri, A. M., 372
Shavit, Ya'acov, 251
Shikhsaidov, A. R., 116
Shiloh, 283
Shoocongdej, Rasmi, 8
Shrimali, K. M., 360
Siam, name change to Thailand in 1939, 392
Sibri, 365
Sibson Panna, 384
Simon (son of Giora), 258
(p.423)
Sinai, artifacts of, 309–10
Singh, S., 372
Sinhalese, 360
Sintashta, 364
Siri Island, 214
“Slavic-Aryanism,” 38
Slavic ethnogenesis, 39–40
Slavic pagan writing, and its “destroyers,” 46–50
Slav-Russes, 35
“Slav-Scythians,” 37
Smith, George, 175
Smith, Sidney, 222
Soat al-Bahrain (Voice of Bahrain), 225
social Darwinism, and modern ethnic nationalism and racism, 50
Society for the Protection of Nature, 265
Society for the Study of Eretz Israel and Its Antiquities, 265
Solomon's Stables, 318
“Solution of the Alphabet of the Caucasian Albanians” (Umarov), 121
Soma, 363
Somasena, 372
Somnath, demolishment of ancient ruined temple at, 350
Songkwae, 391
South Asia: expansion of European control, 381;
hill-tribes, 384;
second-millennium regional cultures bear traces of immigrant groups, 368
Soviet Union: damaging of Russia on folk culture during modernization, 33;
effect of disintegration on study of remote past, 3;
marginalization of Russian Orthodox Church, 33;
Sraluang, 391
Sredni Stog, 364
Srichum temple, 391
Srisatchanalai, 391
St. Louis World's Fair, Jerusalem, 320
St. Petersburg, renamed Leningrad, 231
Stalin, Joseph, 73
Starostin, S. A., 118
Stejaru, 145
Strabo, 139
Strobel, Karl, 140
A Study of Indo-Aryan Civilization (Havell), 353
Suceveanu, Alexandru, 139
Sukhothai Historical Park, 395
Sumer, 224
sun, within context of Indo-European and Aryan identity, 177–78
Sun-Language theory: alternative to Western schemata for origin and categorization of languages, 177;
and Aryans as Turks, 181;
postulated that root language spread through migration of Central Asian Turks, 180;
reduced rhetoric by end of World War II, 182
Susloparov, Nikolai Z., 47
sviatyni (“holy items”), 73
Swat valley, 366
Sylenko, Lev, 43
Syria: evidence for horse-drawn chariot warfare in the second millennium BC, 362;
Western expeditions in, 222
Ta'anach, 332
Talmud, 288
Tanker War of 1984–1988, 216–17
Tarikh al-Umma al-̒Arabiyya (History of the Arab Nation) (al-Miqdadi), 219
Tariq ibn Ziyad, 231
Tartaria, 48
Tavium, 176
Tel Aviv, 322
Tel Beit She'an, 315–16
Tel Dan, 300
Telegin, D., 43–44
Tell Agrab, 222
Tell al-Sultan, 334
(p.424)
Tell Asmar, 222
Tell el-Hesi, 329
Tell el-Mutesellim, 318
Tell Jenin, 339
Telloh, 222
Tel Miqne, 300
Temple Mound, 320
Teodor, Dan G., 150
Texier, Charles, 176
Thai archaeology: emphasis on Sukhothai city and Thai kings, 386–88, 391;
evidence of Khmer influence, 390;
first Thai inscription, 394;
historical approaches as the mainstream, 382;
methodology, 392;
Thailand: Antiquarian Society (or Boran Kadi Samosorn), 384;
Chinese nationalism in, 392;
concept of “nation, religion, and King,” 391;
Fine Arts Department of the Ministry of Education, 392;
major states in late thirteenth century, 387;
only Southeast Asian constitutional monarchy, 380;
perceptions of past, 382–85;
ruling elites' denial of dominance of Khmer influence, 390;
Siam Society, 384
“Thailand for the Thai,” 386
Thai language, 380
Thai nationalism, 380;
conquest ideology, 392;
emergence in response to Western colonialism, 393;
era of military nationalism, 385–86;
ideology of conquest, 392;
role of archaeology in, 386;
twentieth-century, 391–93
Theodorescu, Rᾰzvan, 128
Theravada Buddhism, 386
Thutmose III, 317
Torah, 292
tourism: archaeology for the sake of, 316;
Tower of David (Migdal Da'vid), 304–5
Trajan, Emperor, 76
Trdat (Tiridat), 103
“Tripolyte alphabet,” 47
Trucial sheikhdoms, 213
The True History of the Russian People, 32
Tübingen Atlas von Vorderasiataische Archäologie, 227–28
Turkestan, 59
Turkish Hearth organization, 170
Turkish Historical Commission (Türk Tarihi Heyeti), 170
Turkish Historical Society, 168
Turkish Historical Thesis, 9, 170–77;
antecedence of Eastern history, 171–72;
Aryan homeland as originary locus of Indo-Europeans, 172;
attempt to link Sumerians with Anatolia, 178;
conflation of people of Indo-European and Turkish narratives, 173–74;
continuous narrative of Turkic habitation in Central Asia, 178;
drew on European excavations in Mesopotamia, 175;
narrative framework of archaeologically and linguistically provable migrations, 176;
reduced rhetoric by end of World War II, 182;
subsumed Sumerian, Etruscan, and Hittite languages under “Turkish” linguistic category, 174
Turkish language theory. See Sun-Language theory
Turkish Linguistic Society, 168
Turkish Republic: debate concerning secularism and Islam, 165;
denial of ethnic diversity of peoples, 9;
educational histories produced after 1930, 170–71;
emergence of a countersign to Hittite sun, 185;
(p.425)
government change to centrist coalition, 165;
modern identity built within context of resistance to European incursion, 168;
relationship between archaeology and nationalism, 4;
resistance to colonialism, 168;
secularism, 185;
solar disk as symbol of state-controlled Eti (Hittite) Bank, 182
“Two Fragments of Scientific Falsifications” (Z. Rizvanov), 116
Ugro-Finnic linguistic family, 173
Ukraine, 23, 34, 86;
1991 declaration of independence, 86;
neo-paganism, 43;
relationship with Crimea, 74
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC), 90
Ukrainian National Assembly, 44
Ukrainian nationalism, 42–47;
amateur scholars' promotion of pseudoscience, 7;
and archaeology, 3;
search for ancestors who invented earliest writing system, 47;
search for roots among Vedic Aryans, 44
Ukrainian Native Faith, 43
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP), 90
Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP), 90
Ukrainian Self Defense, 44
Ulfilas, 152
Ulmeni, 145
Ultraorthodox Jews, 288
Ulus, 166
Umarov, A., 121
UNESCO, 208
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 222
Upton, Dell, 312
Ur, 222
Urals, southern, viewed as second Aryan homeland, 52
Urnayr, King, 104
Uvarov, A. S., 75
Uvarov, S. S., 75
Vachaghan III the Good-Honourable, 105
Vache II, King, 105
Vaishnavism, 354
Valerian, Emperor, 103
Vats, M. S., 367
Vedic Aryans, 354
Vedic Sanskrit, 357–58
Vedic soma, 365
Verkhniy Chiryurt, Daghestan, 119
Via Maris, 317
Viespeşti, 145
Viet Nam, 383
Vitiaz?Publishing House, 40
Vladimir, Saint: baptism, 76, 79, 88, 91, 91n18;
baptistery in honor of, 89;
legend of as center of Russian Orthodox identity in Black Sea region, 76–77
Waddell, L. A., 176
war chariot, introduction of, 361
Warka, 222
warrior aristocracies, rise of, 362
Wasit, capital of Iraq during the Ummayyad dynasty in the eighth century CE, 198
West Bank settlers: in conflict with Israeli public and most of Israeli academia, 293;
hikes on the contested ground, 285;
“Judaizing” of the land, 283–84
(p.426)
Western colonialism: association of archaeology with in Palestine, 330–32, 337, 340;
historical archaeology of, 336;
and Thai nationalism, 393
“Western Scholarship and the Silencing of Palestinian History” (Whitelam), 336
Wichitwathakan, Luang, 392
Wirth, Herman, 55
Wright, William, 176
Xenopol, Alexandru D., 128
Yadin, Yigael, 2, 289, 291;
argument for many groups of people in Masada, 258–59;
assumption that battles occurred at Masada, 260;
avoidance of term Sicarii to describe Masada rebels, 258;
book on Masada, 254;
ideological-political statements, 251;
search for evidence of Solomon's empire in Megiddo, 318;
on siege ramp, 270–71;
Yathrib, renamed Medinat al-Nabi, 231
Yazdigird II, 104
Yediot Aharonot, 266
Yishuv, 252
Yugoslavia, disintegration of, 22
Zavtra, 46
Zayadine, Fauzi, 332
Zdanovich, G. B., 46
Zemplin cemetery (Slovakia), 146
Zertal, Adam, 292
Zharnikova, S. V., 40–41
Zionism: historical narrative, 291;
methods of land acquisition, 288;
modern political, 302;
search for validation of moral claim to land, 251;
Zoroaster, 52
