The Natural Historians
The Natural Historians
In this chapter I explore the role of field biology as practiced by the naturalists. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the early primitive surveys by easterners and Europeans had given way to the large federal surveys of the Mexican and Northwestern borders, the five Pacific Railroad Surveys, and Ferdinard Hayden’s state-based surveys. In addition, following the Civil War, the U.S. Geological Survey continued Hayden’s Survey, and expanded them by adding Clarence King’s, William Morton Wheeler’s, and, later, John Wesley Powell’s surveys. These surveys provided the specimens that stocked the Smithsonian and the American Museum of Natural History, as well as great museums associated with eastern universities such as Yale and Harvard.
Keywords: Ferdinand V. Hayden, John Wesley Powell, Robert Kennicott, Robert Ridgway, William Temple Hornaday, George Kruck Cherrie, Frank Alexander Wetmore
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