In North Dakota, previous farmer movements created agrarian cohesion in the face of economic inequity and tin-eared politicians. In other places, however, transcending ethnic, religious, and political differences in a wide range of contexts depended on organizing instead of mobilizing. In 1916 and 1917, as the NPL expanded into Minnesota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, and Wisconsin—and as Canadian agrarians adapted the model for Saskatchewan and Alberta—it confronted this tension. Automobiles, credit, and newspapers helped the League address it. North of the border, Canadians in similar circumstances adopted the League model, drew from Social Gospel predilections, and engaged women more fully than their American counterparts.