A Neighborhood That Never Changes: Gentrification, Social Preservation, and the Search for Authenticity

Japonica Brown-Saracino

Print publication date: 2010

Print ISBN-13: 9780226076621

Published to Chicago Scholarship Online: February 2013

DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226076645.001.0001

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ContentsFRONT MATTER

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(p.321) Index

Source:: A Neighborhood That Never Changes
Publisher:: University of Chicago Press

Note: Italicized page numbers indicate illustrations.

Abu-Lughod, Janet, 7

Advocate: coverage of gentrification in Provincetown, 112

affordable housing, 13, 161, 285n6, 285n9;

advocacy for, 9, 83, 89, 101, 106–8, 118–19, 127, 129, 205, 255, 258–59, 267, 273;

Andersonville, 126–29, 131, 268;

Argyle, 49–50, 117–22, 124, 126–27, 269;

and Community Preservation Act, 83, 109;

consultant, 34;

Dresden, 134, 138, 140–41;

and community, 90, 92;

and drug testing, 124;

explanations for advocacy, 114;

extra-local advocacy for, 129;

and gentrifiers' motivations for moving, 4;

and pioneers, 52;

populations served, 281n1;

in Provincetown, 2, 34, 52, 83, 85, 99, 108–10, 113–14, 116–17, 146, 156–59, 167, 174–75, 187–88, 194, 271, 276;

Provincetown Artist Live-in Studio Space, 108;

resistance to, 121–22, 124;

and trailers, 141, 286–87nn31–32

Alanen, Arnold, 172

Alexander, Jeffrey, 298n16

Allen, Irving, 17, 196, 282n9, 282nn18–19, 285n5, 289n35, 293n28, 293n31, 294n1

Anderson, Barry, 294n1, 295n11

Anderson, Benedict, 176, 287n3

Anderson, Elijah, 6, 17, 282nn18–19

Andersonville: affordable housing, 126–29, 131, 268;

alderwoman, 170, 267–68;

block clubs, 58, 99, 170, 220–23, 268, 269;

Chamber of Commerce, 37, 39, 40, 49, 95, 127, 130–33, 163, 170, 267–68;

Chicago Fire, 35, 162;

Clark Street, 37, 39–40, 58, 95, 97, 123, 126, 128, 130, 218, 259;

condominiums, 39, 93, 129, 225, 267;

congregations, 36, 170, 218, 222, 268;

demographics, 39, 40, 41;

described, 35–41;

diminishing Swedish population, 37, 40, 41, 131, 133, 171;

Dyke March, 163, 165, 218, 277, 295;

Easter Procession, 268;

expansion, of 129–30;

as gay enclave, 202;

gay men and, xi, 8, 23, 37, 39, 58, 91, 93–95, 170, 173, 293n33;

and gentrification, 22, 23, 37, 39–41, 129–30, 267;

independent business owners, 23, 41, 59, 97, 109, 123, 126–33, 154, 155, 268;

and Lakewood Balmoral, 39, 283n9;

Lebanese merchants, 49;

lesbians and, xi, 37, 39, 23, 170, 293n33;

and loss of Swedish community, 88, 95;

map of, 38;

Middle Easterners and, 23, 37, 145–46, 152, 154, 164, 165, 243, 276;

Midsommar Festival, 37, 39, 128, 163, 164, 165, 173, 259;

nomenclature, 37, 170;

old-timers' characteristics, 23, 130–31, 151, 154–55;

Santa Lucia Procession, 128, 163–65;

social preservation practices in, 126–34;

social preservationists' shifting object of protection, 129, 133;

streetscape, 37, 49, 109, 125–26, 128, 130, 132–33, 145–46, 152, 170, 243–44, 250, 267–68;

Swedish American Museum, 88, 95, 126, 132–33, 161, 170, 221, 243, 245, 259, 268;

Swedish businesses, 41, 126, 128;

Swedish identity and heritage of 36, 41, 127–28, 131–32, 146, 151, 162, 170, 243, 259;

three-flats, 36, 39, 131;

Women and Children First, 126, 268

Andersonville Streetscape Committee, 170

Andert, John, 113

Antani, Jay, 207

antigentrification movements, 13, 17;

in literature, 13

Apgar, William C.,1985

Argyle: affordable housing, 49–50, 117–22, 124, 126–27, 269;

African Americans, 23, 41–42, 45, 54–55, 71–72, 146, 151, 154, 261, 273, 288n11;

alderwoman, 41, 42, 97, 122, 125–26, 260, 286n20;

Appalachians, 23, 41, 151, 154, 288n11;

(p.322) Asian Marketplace, 158, 223, 260;

Asian oldtimers, 23, 150–51, 154–55, 223, 242;

Asianthemed streetscape, 8, 54–55, 105, 109, 120–21, 125–26, 172, 245, 260, 269, 273;

block clubs, 42, 44, 66–67, 72, 74–75, 117, 121, 123–25, 222–23, 236, 237, 269, 275;

Cambodian immigrants, 41, 154;

Chinatown North, 41, 158;

Chinese American residents, 165, 294;

Chinese businesses, 41, 54, 74, 117, 121, 125, 158, 177, 201, 222, 235–36, 295;

Chinese immigrants, 41, 151, 154;

Chinese Mutual Aid Association, 44, 120, 269;

Chinese New Year celebration, 43, 47, 120, 163, 259;

Community of Uptown Residents for Affordability and Justice, 118;

condominiums, 43–44, 53, 65, 72–73, 121–22, 126, 146, 236;

description of, 41–45;

el stop with pagoda, 42, 42, 120, 171, 223;

Essanay Studios, 41;

ethnic and racial character, 242;

frontier and salvation rhetoric in, 121;

gay bar, 44;

gay men, 23, 44;

and gentrification, 23, 42–45;

Green Mill, 41;

as Jewish enclave, 8;

Jews and, 23, 41, 118, 154, 169, 286n17;

Korean immigrants, 42, 154;

Korean restaurants, 201;

Lake Michigan, 43–44, 67;

Laotian immigrants, 41, 154;

Latinos, 41;

Little Saigon, 41;

map of, 38;

old-timers' English language barriers, 124–26;

Organization of the North East, 118;

Prohibition, 41;

Queer to the Left, 118–19, 204–5, 269, 294n38;

recent demographic shifts, 43–44, 45, 45;

shifting boundaries, 44–45, 130, 283n11;

research challenges in, 275–76;

single-resident-occupancy hotels, 42;

social preservation practices in, 45, 117–26;

social service agencies, 41–42;

residents' perspectives on Andersonville's expansion, 130–31;

synagogue, 41;

Thai immigrants, 41, 154;

Thai businesses, 42, 54, 121, 201;

three-flats, 59;

Vietnamese-American residents, 8, 41, 45, 151, 162;

Vietnamese businesses, 41, 54, 74, 117, 121, 125, 158, 177, 201, 222, 235–36, 273;

Vietnamese Chamber, 222–23;

Vietnamese groceries, 42, 121;

Vietnamese immigrants, 41, 154;

Vietnamtown, 158

Argyle Streetscape Task Force, 91

art, 286n16;

and artists, 156, 288n16;

and data collection, 274;

influence on social preservationists, 133, 194;

use by social preservationists, 9, 89, 95, 101, 104, 105, 109, 112, 117, 128, 259, 294n39;

use of to construct old-timers, 151

assimilation, 183–84;

social preservationists' reaction to, 284n3

Atkinson, Rowland, 6, 214, 286n29, 294n1, 295n4, 296n23, 297n29

authenticators, 147;

implications of authenticity for, 147, 172–76, 262;

social preservationists as, 147

authenticity: artistic depictions of, 288n19;

associated with children, 83, 91;

associated with families, 91–92, 102, 160, 165, 288n22;

associated with financial struggle, 156;

associated with newcomers, 65–68;

associated with others, 148, 153, 172–73;

centers, 161;

class and, 150;

and commerce, 169;

community, 83, 89–92, 99, 102, 146–47, 153, 173, 175–77, 262, 289n35;

consequences of, 175–76;

consequences of constructions of, 147;

consequences of definitions of, 178;

construction of, 147–48;

cultural, 92, 201;

and cultural continuity, 151;

and economic struggle, 159;

and elderly, 118;

and ethnicity, 88, 150;

fabrication of, 148;

and families, 91–92, 102, 160, 165, 288n22;

and food, 160–61;

and future orientation, 65–68;

gay men and lesbians as markers of, 68–70;

and globalization, 89;

historical, 56–61;

homogeneity as threat to, 128;

and independence, 154–60;

indicators of, 148;

and institutions, 88, 160;

as interpretive process, 148;

invention of, 148;

landscape, 61–65, 81–82, 172;

and language, 160–61;

and local history, 57;

and longevity of residence, 166;

loss of, 88;

manual labor, 156;

and marginalization, 158, 261;

and mutual dependence, 159;

occupation and, 150;

and old-timers' character, 139;

and old-timers' community, 82, 86–87, 90–92, 262;

and old-timers' political ideologies, 139;

and origin stories, 81–83;

and place character, 56, 95, 132;

power of, 147, 264;

preconceived notions of, 148;

race and, 150;

and real people, 86, 148;

regional, 137;

and relationship to inauthenticity, 173, 176, 290n36;

and relationship to place, 168;

as reward, 255;

self-dependence and, 154–60;

and small businesses, 155;

social, 83, 92;

and social preservation ideology, 8–9, 13, 19, 80–103, 145–53, 176–79, 201–2, 212, 256, 264–65;

and tradition, 86, 145;

visibility of markers of, 165;

of working class, 89. See also virtuous marginality

Bailey, Nick, 214, 294n1

Barbaro, Michael, 143–44

Barconi, Frank, 295n11

Barnes, Vivienne, 286n21

Barthel, Diane, 172, 287n8, 297n31

Baumann, Shyon, 292n21

Bayliss, Corey Michael, 286n21

Bearman, Peter, 172

Beauregard, Robert, 297n11

beautification: advocacy for, 124;

and block clubs, 42–43, 121, 237;

and gentrification, 121, 145–46, 223, 237–38, 245, 247;

meetings, 53, 269;

and pioneers, 124;

risks of, 145–46;

and social homesteaders, 71–75

Becker, Howard, 287n4

(p.323) Bell, Michael, 193, 276, 281n3, 284n1, 289n35, 297n31

Bellafonte, Gina, 293n35

Bellah, Robert, 154, 288n9, 288n16, 288n21, 289n24

Bendix, Regina, 289n35

Bennett, Larry, 41

Berrey, Ellen C., 282n16, 282n18, 283n19

Berry, Brian, 180, 214, 282nn9–10, 285n5, 291n5, 294n1, 298n18

Beverland, Michael, 289n35

Biernacki, Richard, 298n16

block club(s), 131, 170, 220, 296n19;

as agents of gentrification, 275;

and beautification goals, 42–43, 121, 237;

and crime reduction goals, 42–43;

and community vitality, 71–72, 220;

in facilitating neighborhood improvement, 121, 222–23;

and neighborhood safety goals, 46;

and neighborhoods' shifting boundaries, 44;

pioneers' participation in, 104;

as research sites, 46, 48, 267–70, 272, 273, 275;

social homesteaders' participation in, 56–57, 58, 66, 67, 72, 74–75, 104;

social preservationists' participation in, 99, 104, 106, 117, 123–24, 236, 274;

as sites for public gentrification debates, 106, 117–18, 123–24, 125;

viewed as sites of community by old-timers, 220–22

Bobo, Lawrence, 192

Bohl, Charles C., 296n15

Bolté, Mary: Portrait of a Woman Down East, 26, 283n3

Borer, Michael Ian, 282n17, 297nn5–6, 297n13

Bourdieu, Pierre, 292n16, 292n20, 297n12, 298n16

Boyd, Michelle, 282nn18–19

Boystown, 37, 206;

streetscape, 243

Bragg, Mary Ann, 245

Braham, Jeanne, 32, 33

“Breakwater” (Doty), 35

Brekhus, Wayne, 209, 294n36

Breton, Raymond, 170

Bridge, Gary, 281n3, 282n9

Bridger, Darren, 290n35

Briggs, Xavier Souza, 296n15

Brint, Steven G., 167, 192, 289n30, 292n16, 295n4

Bryson, Bethany, 292nn20–21

Burgess, Ernest W., 169

Butler, Mary Ellen, 112

Butler, Tim, 15, 17, 19, 251, 282nn8–10, 282n14, 282nn18–19, 285n5, 297n7, 297n14, 298n18

Cantwell, Robert, 179, 289n29, 289n35, 290n36

Castells, Manuel, 283n6, 293n35, 295n2

Caulfield, Jon, 16, 17, 18, 19, 180, 189, 203, 211, 264, 282nn7–10, 282n19, 283n20, 284n2, 284n4, 285nn2–3, 285n5, 296n26, 297n7, 298n18

chains, 37, 96;

Borders, 98, 119, 127, 268;

Burger King, 70;

as indicator of inauthenticity, 96, 155, 164–65;

old-timers' view of, 132;

opposition to, 98, 119, 121, 123, 127, 132, 286, 288n14;

Starbucks, 58, 74, 91, 94, 97, 117, 119, 155, 165, 207, 237;

Subway, 70

Chamber of Commerce. See under Andersonville

change: gentrifiers' appreciation for, 6, 115;

gentrifiers' fear of, 6, 76;

as inevitable, 76;

and neighborhood succession, 93–94, 96;

old-timers' appreciation of, 234–35, 238;

old-timers' fear of, 235–36;

old-timers' resistance to, 140, 241;

old-timers' response to, 213–247;

old-timers' support for, 134, 241;

pioneers' views of, 53–55, 115;

as positive, 233;

resistance to, 167;

social homesteaders' orientation to, 10, 47, 66–68, 71, 74–75, 78;

social preservationists' orientation to, 83, 103, 106, 153, 192, 196–97

Chernoff, Michael, 4, 7, 214, 219, 248, 294n1

children, 15, 93, 99, 166;

absence of, 91;

appreciation for, 73, 91;

and community decline, 91–92, 215;

fear of, 73;

and future displacement of, 89;

as justification for gentrification, 124;

land gifting to adult, 141, 286n30;

loss of, 83, 116, 186, 227;

as markers of authenticity, 83, 91;

seeking economic opportunity 229–31;

social preservationists' concern for, 186

Christenson, James A., 102

Clark, Terry Nichols, 282n17

class, 182–89;

of gentrifiers, 182–89;

of social preservationists, 182–89;

tension between oldtimers and newcomers, 116, 139

Collins, Richard C., 287n8

Colman, David: “Rich Gay, Poor Gay,” 233

community: association of independence with, 154–60, 288n10;

associated with newcomers, 68–70, 222;

as associated with others, 148, 153, 172–73;

association with place, 168–72;

association of tradition with, 160–67;

authentic, 83, 89–92, 99, 102, 146–47, 153, 173, 175–77, 262, 289n35;

block clubs, 71–72, 220–22;

centers, 161;

and change (see change);

and children, 83, 91–92, 166, 215;

claims to, 147;

cohesiveness, 198;

and collective memory, 87–88;

and commerce, 169;

conceptions of, 147;

consequences of conceptions of, 147;

consequences of definition, 175–76, 178;

consequences of social preservation for, 262;

construction of, 163;

cultural tradition, 92;

decline of, 89–90, 91–92, 176, 178, 214–16, 219, 222, 247;

disruption of, 214;

elective, 289n32,

and enduring ties, 160;

and ethnic business associations, 222;

evaluation of, 90;

and family, 91–92, 102, 160, 165, 167, 288n22;

and farming, 137;

flavor of, 98;

and food, 160–61;

and gentrification, 102, 128, 223;

heterogeneity as threat to, 219;

historical, 89;

as home, 82–83;

and homeownership, 72;

ideologies about, 175–76;

imagined, 176;

implications (p.324) of transience for, 172;

indicators of, 90;

and institutions, 160, 295n10;

as intergenerational, 166–67;

and language, 161;

lineage-based, 92;

and longevity of residence, 166;

measures of, 178, 219, 289n30;

and mutual dependence, 159;

of newcomers, 65–70;

newcomers as threat to, 86–87, 90;

old-timers' community, 82, 86–87, 90–92, 262;

and organizations, 296n19;

place-based, 92, 172;

policing forums, 221;

preservation of, 110, 126–28, 243, 245;

and privatization, 215;

and public space, 215–19;

recognition, 153;

and relationship to place, 168;

and shared space, 168;

sites of, 221;

threats to, 102;

and turf, 295n6;

vitality, 220–24, 289n30. See also meetings

Community Preservation Act, 83, 109–10

community toolkit, 142;

explained, 142

comparative research, 143;

benefits of, 143

condominiums: in Andersonville, 39, 93, 129, 225, 267;

in Argyle, 43–44, 53, 65, 72–73, 121–22, 126, 146, 236;

and building preservation, 60–61;

and gentrifiers, 18;

perceived as tasteless, 58;

in Provincetown, 33–35, 83, 114, 167, 229;

resistance to, 49, 99, 126–27, 205, 224;

as symbol, 58–59;

viewed as positive transformation, 66–67, 124, 235;

viewed as threats to community, 92, 97, 100, 111–13, 159, 173

conflict: between gentrifiers and longtime residents, 7;

class-based, 62–63, 76–78, 85, 116, 118–33, 139;

cultural, 60–61, 70;

political, 54–55, 67–68, 114–17, 227–28, 244–45

Connell, John, 281n3, 284n1, 289n33, 292n24, 296n20

conservation: commissions, 234, 245;

committees and data collection, 271, 272, 273;

in Dresden, 28, 64, 134, 138, 140, 172, 234, 247;

of old-timers, 126;

in Provincetown, 109, 187, 271

“Context in Architecture” (Yin), 281n5

Coontz, Stephanie, 153

cosmopolitanism, 18, 292n21, 293n31;

and Chicago, 162;

and diversity, 71;

and social preservationists, 185, 196, 199–202, 211–12

Cotgrove, Stephen, 297n31

creative class, 17, 185–86, 212, 291n15

crime: fear of, 55, 67;

as method of preventing gentrification, 93, 107;

reduction efforts, 42–43, 67, 93, 121, 223, 234–35;

social preservationists' views of, 93

cultural capital, 78, 110, 157, 227, 238, 255, 291n10;

and social preservation, 255, 260, 297n12

cultural continuity, 163

cultural objects, 192–94, 292n24;

influence on social preservationists, 192–96

cultural omnivorism, 185–86, 192;

and social preservationists, 185–86, 196, 211

cultural preservation, 86, 147, 284n3

cultural toolkit, 142

culture: and action, 254;

and agency, 254;

as coherent, 256–57, 298nn15–16;

and community, 87;

and consumption, 107, 128, 190, 193, 202, 292n23;

and context, 298n17;

continuity of, 163;

and education, 292n20;

as endangered, 69–70, 147;

as fragmented, 251, 256, 257, 297n13, 298n15;

gentrifiers', 4, 14, 281n4;

frames, 298n17;

heterogeneity of as threat to community, 217;

and ideology, 142–43;

of middle class, 252;

and occupation, 292n16;

perceived uniformity of, 252;

and practices, 142–43;

as product and producer of capital, 251;

relationship to demographic traits, 14;

relationship to economic capital, 14, 16;

relationship to political economy, 254;

settled, 287n35;

and sources of coherence, 256;

and symbolic capital, 254;

as threatening or threatened, 143;

unsettled, 287n35

Cunningham, Michael, 233

Cybriwsky, Roman A., 5, 6, 7, 219, 294n1

Datel, Robin, 287n8

Davila, Arlene, 179, 282n18, 283n1, 289n35, 296nn24–25, 296n27, 297nn30–31

Davis, Fred, 153

Davis, James A., 192

Davis, Julie, 14

DeAre, Diana, 281n4

debate: about gentrification, 14;

among gentrifiers, 110–11, 114–17, 123–24;

between gentrifiers and longtimers (see under conflict)

Desroches, Steve, 111–12, 156, 161

development: old-timers' views of, 243–44;

resistance to, 62;

support for, 74–75, 86, 119, 189, 234, 236

di Leonardo, Micaela, 167, 178, 179, 284n1, 289n35, 297n2, 297n9

DiMaggio, Paul, 192, 292n20, 297n13, 298n17

“Dirt and Dead Ends” (Ray), 14–15

discourse: of cosmopolitanism, 18;

frontier and salvation, 143;

about gay men's and lesbians' gentrification, 205, 210;

of gay gentrifiers, 115;

of gentrifiers, 108, 142–43, 285n5;

influence of context on, 20, 256;

as mutually constitutive, 108, 123–24;

of old-timers, 116, 216, 231, 243;

of pioneers, 121, 123, 124, 142–43;

Provincetown's public, 116–17, 205;

public, on gentrification, 14, 98, 126;

of social homesteaders, 133, 142–43;

of social preservation, 106, 110, 116, 124, 132–33, 199, 202, 259, 271;

variation among gentrifiers, 114, 277, 282n14, 285n5

displacement: advocacy for, 123;

averted, 238;

of businesses, 59, 94–95, 131–32, 145–46;

and community, 83, 295n4;

cultural, 214, 226–27, (p.325) 261, 295n8;

of elderly, 118, 174, 186, 286n29, 296n22;

preventative measures in Dresden, 140–42;

of “local families,” 166;

of mentally ill, 128–29;

of middle class, 224–26;

physical, 145, 214, 219nn19–20;

pioneers' attitudes toward, 52, 53–54;

political, 214, 226;

of property owners, 224–26;

social, 4–5, 214;

social homesteaders' attitudes toward, 59;

social preservationists' attitudes toward, 83, 84, 86–87, 127, 128–29, 199, 224;

sources of, 19, 114;

as threat to authenticity, 83, 87;

as threat to community, 86–87;

“voluntary,” 226–33

distinction, 282n6;

cultural, 157, 227, 238, 255, 260–61;

place-based, 92, 97, 113, 155, 161, 199

diversity, 282n16, 282n18;

appreciation for, 17, 151, 154;

and cosmopolitanism, 71;

criticisms of, 99;

cultural, 74;

as display, 99;

economic, 91;

ethnic, 91;

gay men's and lesbians' appreciation for, 203–4;

gentrification as threat to, 71, 119;

and melting pot, 56, 71, 194;

and new urbanism, 295n15;

old-timers' appreciation for, 238;

old-timers' view of, 238, 243;

perceived as problematic, 67;

racial, 71–72, 99;

and social homesteaders, 10, 71–75;

social preservationists' attitudes toward, 99, 119, 121, 284n3, 295n15;

symbolic consumption of, 11, 282n18;

as tossed salad, 194

diversity writ large, 10, 13, 71, 260, 282n14, 282n18

dogs, 91;

as marker of gentrification, 91;

as threat to authenticity, 91

Doty, Mark: “Breakwater,” 35

Dresden, Maine: affordable housing, 134, 138, 140–41;

back-to-the-landers, 28, 238;

and Bath Iron Works Factory, 24, 28, 158;

board of selectmen, 28, 62–63, 258;

Brick School House Museum, 161;

Circuit Breaker Program, 141;

Comprehensive Plan, 26, 283n4;

Conservation Commission, 28, 64, 271, 272;

described, 24–29;

dual-income couples, 27–28;

Eastern River, 62;

factors discouraging displacement in, 140–42;

farmers as old-timers, 84, 136, 141, 147–48, 154, 163–65, 198, 288n14;

farming, 26;

Farmlands campaign, 136–37, 242;

farm stands, 109, 137, 155, 164, 272;

Finance Committee, 28;

and gentrification, 23, 26–29;

Harvest Supper, 136, 163, 259, 272;

Historical Society, 137, 271, 272;

ice harvesting, 26;

and Kennebec River, 24;

land gifting, 141, 286n30;

libertarianism, 26, 63, 75, 78, 138–42, 155;

library, 271;

map of, 25;

newsletter, 64;

Planning Board, 28, 271;

Pownalborough Courthouse, 24, 26, 272;

preservation of farmers, 29, 84–85, 107, 109, 135, 164, 172, 177, 188, 238, 241–42, 258;

recent demographic shifts, 27, 28;

retirees, 27;

rural character, 64;

Russian immigrants, 26–27;

schools, 29;

School Committee, 28;

Select Board, 271;

shipbuilding, 26;

Snowmobile Club, 271;

social preservation practices in, 134–42;

Solid Waste Committee, 28;

tax policy, 141;

thrift shop, 138–39;

and tourism, 137;

trailers, 141;

volunteer fire department, 75, 89–90;

town meeting, 139, 271–72

Duncan, Otis Dudley, 291n6

Dunlap, Riley E., 297n31

Durkheim, Emile, 102, 219, 289n30, 295n4

Eckland, Bruce K., 192

Edgewater Development Corporation, 130

Edlynn, Emily, 14

Edwardes, Michael, 293n29

Ehrenreich, Barbara, 292n16

Ehrenreich, John, 292n16

Eight Forty-Eight, 85

Elari, John, 293n35

elderly, 86, 188;

and displacement, 118, 174, 186, 286n29, 296n22;

and protections against displacement of, 130;

impact of rising property taxes on, 60;

longtimers' concern for, 116;

social preservationists' relationships with, 113, 128

Eliasoph, Nina, 134

Erickson, Bonnie H., 192, 292n20

Erikson, Kai T., 153, 223

ethnicity: and authenticity, 87, 150;

and business associations, 125, 222, 269;

and gender, 288n15;

interview questions regarding, 48;

marketing of, 284n1;

and place, 229, 243;

and research sample, 22;

and selection of old-timers, 9, 146, 150–53, 161–63, 170, 177–78;

and social preservation practices, 88, 92, 105, 107, 118, 125, 148, 169, 199, 261, 284n1

Everson, Jennie G., 26

“Everyday Use” (Walker), 192–94

Faiman-Silva, Sandra, 32, 35, 141, 228

families: as authentic, 91–92, 102, 160, 165, 288n22;

as embodying community, 167;

as endangered, 91, 116, 166, 186;

and neighborhood change, 222;

and tradition, 165, 230

farmer: as icon, 77;

associated with place, 162,

and community-supported agriculture, 137;

as Dresden old-timers, 84, 136, 141, 147–48, 154, 163–65, 198, 288n14;

preservation of, 29, 84–85, 107, 109, 135, 164, 172, 177, 188, 238, 241–42, 258;

and self-sufficiency, 154–60

Fendrich, James Max, 292n16

festivals, 284n1;

Andersonville Easter Procession, 268;

Andersonville Midsommar Festival, 37, 39, 128, 163, 164, 165, 173, 259;

Andersonville Santa Lucia Procession, 128, 163–65;

Argyle Chinese New Year celebration, 43, 47, 120, 163, 259;

and construction of old-timer, 151;

Dresden Harvest Supper, 136, 163, 259, 272;

influence on (p.326) selection of old-timer, 163;

observation of, 46–47, 272;

Provincetown Birthday Celebration, 270;

Provincetown Blessing of the Fleet, 111, 163, 244, 270;

Provincetown Carnival, 33, 47, 163, 270;

Provincetown Fourth of July Parade, 270

Provincetown Portuguese Festival, 111, 163, 199, 244, 270;

Provincetown Year-Rounders' Festival, 148–49, 151, 270;

as symbolic preservation method, 111

Fine, Gary Alan, 288n20, 289n32, 289n35

Fischer, Claude, 160, 284n3, 289n28, 289n32

fishermen: as associated with place, 162, 171–72;

and authenticity, 29, 288n19;

preservation of, 8, 35, 83;

as Provincetown's old-timers, 23, 105, 112, 147–48, 154, 166;

and self-sufficiency, 154–60

Flag Wars, 205, 207

Florida, Richard, 17, 185–86, 212, 282n17, 291n15

food: and authenticity, 160–61;

and community, 160–61

Forsyth, Ann, 283n9, 293n35, 295n12

Fortress of Solitude (Lethem), 191, 207

Fowler, Robert Booth, 295n10, 296n18

Francaviglia, Richard, 153, 288n8

Freeman, Lance, 237, 294n1

French, Hugh T., 289n26

frontier, 6, 10, 15, 133, 161;

pioneers' appreciation for, 13, 48, 53;

social homesteaders' orientation to, 55, 282n14

frontier and salvation ideology, 5, 124, 180, 186, 250, 282n6, 285n5;

consequences of for social preservation, 121;

gentrifiers' departure from, 7–8, 17, 19, 180, 250, 285n5;

influence of, 143;

influences on, 143, 186;

pioneers' adherence to, 12, 51–55, 124, 282n14, 285n5;

practices, 121;

rhetoric, 121

Gale, Dennis E., 214, 285n5, 293n35, 294n1, 295n11

Galster, George C., 214, 294n1

gangs, 37, 55, 67, 146, 152, 288n11;

and Andersonville history, 37;

pioneers' concerns about, 55

Gans, Herbert, 287n3, 292n20

gay men: appreciation for heterogeneity, 203–4;

attacks on, 115–16;

blamed for gentrification, 89, 100, 110–12, 293n35;

and circuit parties, 69–70;

desire to form enclave, 53, 114, 115;

distaste for presence of other gays and lesbians, 89, 94–95, 100, 110–12, 173, 294n36;

and early stage gentrification, 37, 203, 209;

exposure to gentrification, 207;

identity and space, 294n12;

marginalization, 203–4, 208, 210–11;

as marker of authenticity, 68–70;

as perceived threat to authenticity, 208;

as pioneers, 53, 114, 116, 203;

privilege, 203–4, 210–11;

relationship to authenticity in Provincetown, 68–70;

representations of role in gentrification, 203–7;

role in gentrification, 85, 95, 119, 187, 285n14;

self-consciousness about perceived role in gentrification, 203–11;

sense of responsibility for gentrification, 8, 94–95, 205–6;

and social preservation, 118, 202–11;

stereotypes about, 207–8;

as symbol of gentrification, 93–94, 114;

as threat to authentic place character, 68–69, 85, 89, see also homophobia

Gay Metropolis, A History of Gay Life in New York, The (Kaiser), 207

Geertz, Clifford, 298n16

gentrification: accompanying practices and attitudes, 4, 8;

acknowledgement of perceived benefits, 97, 220;

Andersonville and, 22, 23, 37, 39–41, 129–30, 267;

Argyle and, 23, 42–45;

beliefs about, 21;

breadth of, 102;

Chicago and, 94, 97–98, 190, 205–6, 235, 242, 269, 286n19;

costs for longtimers, 2–3, 214;

and culture, 5, 16;

defined, 4;

and displacement, 4–5, 92;

distaste for, 99;

Dresden and, 23, 26–29;

expanding, 129;

expansion and neighborhood accountability, 130;

gap in literature, 8, 13–19, 103, 251–57;

gay men and, 8, 37, 53, 85, 89, 93–95, 100, 110–12, 114, 116, 118, 119, 187, 202, 203–11, 285n14, 293n35;

and homogeneity, 6, 91, 128;

and identity construction, 79;

images of, 102;

influence of stage, 140, 236;

and infrastructural transformation, 4;

lesbians and, 37, 85, 118–19, 202–11, 283n8, 294n40;

negative overtones, 15;

old-timers' perceptions of, 213–49;

orientations to, 78–79;

outcomes, 19;

perceived economic benefits, 233–38;

perceived cultural benefits, 238;

perceived as natural, 122;

pioneers' views of, 51, 53–55, 114, 117–18, 122–24;

place-names as signifiers of, 97–98;

popular representations of, 14–15, 190–92, 207, 257;

as process, 19, 103, 262;

as progress, 53, 67–68;

Provincetown and, 1–3, 22, 23, 33–35;

public debate about, 14, 54–55, 74, 114, 117;

residents' response to, 22;

retirees and, 5, 23, 27, 61–62, 75–76, 84, 110, 114, 156, 185, 258;

risks, 157–58, 201–2, 288n14;

rural, 5, 14–15, 141;

social homesteaders' views of, 55–56, 65–68, 74–76, 78–79, 99;

and social preservation, 8–9, 11–12, 80–103, 108, 128, 155, 175, 256, 260–61;

symbols of, 93;

as threat to authenticity, 92, 99, 157–58;

as threat to community, 102, 128;

as threat to diversity, 71, 119;

as threat to place character, 82, 99;

tourism and, 5, 67, 156, 260;

urban, 4–6, 10, 16;

use of term, 124

gentrifier(s): appreciation for community, 284n2;

appreciation of diversity, 285n5;

appreciation for transformation, 6, 67;

cultures and demographic traits, 14;

cultures and economic capital, 14;

consequences of image of, 251;

criticisms of, 257;

cultures of, 4, 14, 281n4;

demographic traits, 180–81;

(p.327) distinctions among, 101;

diverse attitudes and practices, 19;

as economically rational, 19;

fear of transformation, 6;

fear of youth, 73;

fluidity of categories, 187;

heterogeneity of, 8–11, 76–78, 79, 187;

iconic pioneer, 253;

ideal types, 11;

and ideological consistency, 11–12;

ideological variation among, 7, 55, 81, 142–43, 212, 285n5;

image of, 251;

marginal, 180, 189, 210–12, 215, 261;

middle class, 102;

multiple orientations, 13;

practices and attitudes of, 4;

previous explanations for ideological variation, 7;

and prioritization of profit, 100, 174;

relationship to longtimers, 7;

self-consciousness as deceptive, 17;

self-consciousness as hypocritical, 18;

self-consciousness as inconsequential, 17–18;

self-consciousness as ironic, 17;

selfreflexivity, 79;

typologies defined, 12, 13. See also pioneer(s); social homesteader(s); social preservationist(s); yuppie(s)

Ghaziani, Amin, 295n13, 298n15

Gieryn, Thomas F., 295n12

Glaser, Barney, 12

Gleason, David, 32, 296nn25–26

globalization: as threat to authenticity, 89, 157, 201, 265, 293n29

Gotham, Kevin Fox, 5

Gouldner, Alvin W., 292n16

government, 16,

city, 41, 42, 46, 97, 101, 122, 125, 130, 170, 260, 267–68, 269, 286n20;

dominated by newcomers, 28, 35, 114–15;

gentrification sponsored by, 130, 205, 260;

influence on social preservation practices, 142,

and social preservationists' employment, 185;

town, 62–63, 110–11, 139, 156, 191, 258, 270–71

Graham, Colin, 289n35, 295n12

Grana, Cesar, 289n35

Grant, Jill, 296n15

Gravesend Light (Payne), 191

Grayson, Kent, 289n35

Grazían, David, 289n35, 297n9

Griswold, Wendy, 102, 153, 161, 168, 177, 190, 192

grounded theory, 12

growth machine, 4, 254, 255, 297n7

Guelke, Jeanne Kay, 293n29

Guelke, Leonard, 293n29

Gusfield, Joseph R., 219

Hall, Phil, 207

Hammond, Dorothy, 293n29

Hampton, Keith, 289n30

Hannerz, Ulf, 200

Hardesty, Donald L., 172

Harrison, Sue, 113, 233

Hauser, Robert M., 291n6

Hawley, Amos H., 295n10, 296n18

Heath, Anthony, 292n16

Henig, Jeffrey, 214, 286n29, 294n1, 295n4, 295n11

Higham, John, 284n3

Hirsch, Arnold R., 178

historic preservation, 169, 263, 289n25;

in Provincetown, 109, 187;

and social homesteaders, 47–48, 56, 60;

social preservationists' resistance to, 85–86, 153

history: agrarian, 63;

attachment to local, 59, 100;

claims to, 160;

imagined, 96;

recent, 96;

renderings of, 161;

sense of, 160–61;

and social homesteaders, 56–61

Hobsbawm, Eric, 148, 289n35

Holstein, James A., 148

Holt, Douglas B., 184, 200, 291n10, 292n16, 292n21, 293n31

Holt, Louise, 283n8

homeownership: gentrification's impact on, 140, 141;

and gentrifiers, 4–5;

as motivation for relocation, 53, 72;

and old-timers, 129, 133, 214, 226, 228, 230, 233, 286n25;

social preservationists' views of, 224, 293 n

homesteader. See social homesteader

homogeneity: resistance to, 119;

as threat to authenticity, 91, 119, 128

homophobia, 116, 217–18, 227–28, 240, 277;

in Provincetown, 32, 116, 277;

social preservationists' acceptance of, 148, 262

violence and, 115–16

Horton, John, 284–85n1

housing: remodeling, 60;

restoration, 11, 39, 51, 57;

rising costs, 4, 114, 129, 224–25, 228, 296n23. See also affordable housing; homeownership

Hummon, David, xi, 79, 284n3, 289n35

Hunter, Albert, 102, 170, 175, 176, 177, 219, 223, 284n3, 285n5, 287n3, 289n30, 295n4, 295n10, 296nn18–19

ideal types, 11

identity: class, 78, 116;

community, 79;

conflict over, 114;

as context-specific, 144;

determination of place-based, 147, 172;

ethnic, 9, 125, 146, 150–53, 161–63, 170, 177–78;

gay and lesbian, 114;

moral, 176;

of pioneers, 12, 48, 51;

placebased, 3, 79, 131, 231, 259, 284n3;

and power, 147, 287n3;

and privilege, 147;

racial, 78;

regional, 78;

selection of, 147;

of social homesteaders, 10, 12, 47, 55–56;

of social preservationists, 8–9, 11, 12, 47, 81, 85, 100, 211, 250

ideological consistency, 11–12

ideological variation, 7, 81, 249;

among gentrifiers, 7, 55, 81, 142–43, 212, 285n5;

constancy of social preservation, 11–12, 108, 143, 256, 285n5;

previous explanations for, 7,

sources of, 79

ideology: and action, 287n34;

and adherents' demographic traits, 16–17, 181, 212;

coherence of, 256–57;

and community, 287n3;

(p.328) consequences of, 147, 175–76;

and culture, 142–43;

and education, 184–85;

influence of, 142;

and occupation, 107, 186;

political, 78;

power of, 142, 147;

relationship to context, 142;

relationship to practice, 108;

social homesteading, 55;

and social location, 212, 292n17;

social preservation, 8–9, 11–12, 13, 19, 80–103, 108, 143, 153, 194–95, 201–2, 212, 256, 285n5;

sources of differences, 181;

relationship to political-economic positions, 20;

variation in expressions of, 142;

variation of, 126. See also culture; frontier and salvation ideology; libertarianism

immigrants: Asian, 22, 42, 124–26, 150–51, 154, 154–55, 162;

Cambodian, 41, 154;

Chinese, 41, 151, 154;

Laotian, 41, 154;

Middle Eastern, 23, 37, 145–46, 152, 154, 164, 165, 243, 276;

Portuguese, 32, 33, 35, 82, 88–89, 100, 110, 111;

Russian, 26–27, 158;

Swedish, 36–37, 88, 95, 170;

Thai, 41, 154;

Vietnamese, 41, 154

In America (Sontag), 191

independent businesses: appreciation for, 97, 154–58;

displacement of, 145–46;

displacement of as loss of authenticity, 59, 94–95;

displacement of as necessary casualties, 59;

and families, 155, 288n12;

farm stands, 109, 137, 155, 164, 272;

mom-and-pop, 14, 61, 74, 123, 164;

social preservationists' efforts to preserve, 109, 123, 126–33, 154, 155;

Swedish, 41, 126, 128;

Vietnamese, 155

institutions, 161–62, 169, 170;

and community, 160, 295n10;

influence on selection of oldtimer, 161–62, 169;

influence on social preservationists, 194;

limits of, 171;

as mediating factors, 170;

and methods, 267–72;

old-timers', 99, 120, 169–70, 217, 244–45;

old-timers' preservation efforts, 244–45

interviews: and civically engaged individuals, 48, 181;

sample, 47–48;

questions, 273, 278–80

Iranian residents, 37, 145–46, 152, 276

Isaac, Larry, 192, 291n13

Jablow, Alta, 293n29

Janowitz, Morris, 289n27

Jaster, Robert, 26

Jindra, Michael, 289n32

Johnson, E. Patrick, 289n35

Johnson, John, 98

Johnston, JoseÉ, 292n21

Johnstone, John W. C., 292n16

Jowell, Roger, 292n16

Judd, R. W.: Maine: The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present, 283n3

Judy, R. A. T., 289n35

Kain, John F., 294n1

Kaiser, Charles: The Gay Metropolis: A History of Gay Life in New York, 207

Kasinitz, Philip, 214, 294n1

Kefalas, Maria, 167, 178

Kegan, Paul, 297n31

Kern, Roger, 192, 211, 292n20

Kibria, Nazli, 287n3

Kirby, David, 14

Klawans, Stuart, 207

Kleinman, Sheryl, 176

Knoke, David, 192, 291n13

Knopp, Lawrence, 285n14, 293n35

Kornblum, William, 170, 295n10, 296n18

Krahulik, Karen, 32, 35, 228, 232, 244, 283n6, 288n19, 289n35

Kramer, Mark, 26

Kristol, Irving, 292n16

Ladd, Everett Carll, 192, 292n16

Lakeview. See Boystown

Lamont, Michèle, 178, 290n38

landscape: Dresden's, 28, 61, 79, 82, 84;

as peopled, 168;

and rural gentrification, 5;

as social, 168–69;

social homesteaders' appreciation for, 10, 55–58, 61–65, 85, 140, 142;

social preservationists' orientation to, 105, 135–36, 140, 171–72, 177;

threats to, 168–69

Lane, Kerstin B., 36, 37, 170

language: and authenticity, 160–61;

barriers, 124–26, 223;

and research challenges, 275–76

Larson, C., 155

Laumann, Edward: The Sexual Organization of the City, 208

Lee, Barrett A., 294n1

Lee, Helene, 298

Lees, Loretta, 17, 70, 180, 282n9, 282n15

Leff, Lisa, 203

Lehane, Dennis: Mystic River, 191

lesbians: appreciation for heterogeneity, 203–4;

desire to form enclave, 115;

distaste for presence of gays and other lesbians, 68–70, 100, 110–12, 173;

exclusion from old-timer category, 150;

as first-wave gentrifiers, 37;

and gentrification, 283n8, 294n40;

and gentrification of Andersonville, 37;

identity and space, 295n12;

and marginalization, 203–4, 208, 210–11;

as markers of authenticity, 68–70;

privilege, 203–4, 210–11;

and relationship to authenticity in Provincetown, 68–70;

relocation of, 209;

self-consciousness about role in gentrification, 119, 203–11;

and social preservation, 118, 202–11;

as threat to authenticity, 111–12. See also homophobia

Lethem, Jonathan: Fortress of Solitude, 191, 207

(p.329) Levy, Paul A., 5, 6, 7, 219, 294n1

Lewis, David, 290n35

Ley, David, 282n15, 297n5, 297n11

Leyden, Massachusetts, ix;

pilot study of, x–xi, 77, 272

libertarianism, 38;

in Dresden, 26, 63, 75, 78, 138–42, 155;

consequences of, 138;

and political abstinence, 138;

and social preservation, 138–42;

and resistance to regulations, 138, 247, 248;

sources, 139

Licari, Frederick C., 192

Link, Bruce G., 291n13

Lipsett, Seymour Martin, 192, 292

Lloyd, Richard, 16, 17, 282n18, 283n19, 285n5

Lodge, David C., 294n1

Lofland, Lyn, 219

Logan, John, 5, 167, 214, 254, 294n1, 295n4, 296n23

London, Bruce, 12, 13, 282n8

Long, Elizabeth, 291n7, 292n24

Long, Larry H., 5, 281nn3–4

longtimers, 23, 56, 152, 286n15;

costs of gentrification for, 2–3, 214;

defined, 49;

and selection of old-timer, 151–52, 286n15;

and social homesteaders' uplift strategies, 56

loss of authenticity, 88;

symbols of, 88

Lowenthal, David, 153, 288n8

Lyons, Michal, 294n1

MacCannell, Dean, 289n35, 293n30

Macgregor, Lyn, 281n3

MacIntyre, Alasdair, 288n9

Maine: The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present (Judd), 283n3

Maly, Michael, 41, 284n2

Manso, Peter: P-town: Art, Sex, and Money on the Outer Cape, 233

Marcuse, Peter, 214, 294n1

marginal gentrifiers, 180, 189, 210–12, 215, 261

Martin, Joanne, 297n13

Martinec, Radan, 289n35

McDonnell, Terence, 286n16

McLaughlin, Abraham T., 138

McNulty, Elizabeth, 41

meetings: Chicago, 14, 53–55, 68, 72, 98, 99, 117–32, 151, 155, 170, 188, 205–6, 220–21, 235–36, 243, 260;

and data collection, 46, 232, 268–76, 290n3;

town, 28–29, 35, 60, 63, 64, 83, 98, 101, 109–17, 134–39, 161, 167–68, 174, 199, 216, 228, 245, 283n4, 285n6

Mele, Christopher, 11, 13, 180, 189, 214, 282nn18–19, 283n20, 286n20, 294n1, 295n8, 296n24, 297n30

Melnick, Robert, 172

melting pot, 56, 71, 194

mentally ill residents: in Argyle, 41–42, 67, 73–74, 121–22, 151–52, 186, 188, 269;

displacement of and loss of authenticity, 128–29;

fear of, 296n28;

resistance to displacement, 146

Merton, Robert K., 200

Miller, Gale, 148

Milligan, Melinda J., 288n8, 295n5

Mitchell, Don, 6

Mohr, John, 298

Molotch, Harvey, 5, 167, 214, 254, 294n1, 295n4, 296n23

Monti, Daniel, 289n30

Moore, Robert E., 291n13

Moss, Mitchell L., 293n35

Muñoz, Vicky, 297n30

Munski, D., 288n8

Murti, Kamakshi P., 293n29

Mystic River (Lehane), 191

Nathan, Richard P., 294n1

Neighborhoods Alive!: as gentrification strategy, 125–26;

as social preservation strategy, 125–26;

and streetscapes, 125–26

newcomers. See gentrifier; pioneer; homesteader; social preservationist

New York Times: coverage of gay and lesbian gentrifiers, 203–4, 207;

coverage of gentrification in Provincetown, 233;

gentrification coverage, 14, 143, 257;

social homesteaders' and preservationists' reading habits, 189–90

nostalgia, 96, 167, 198;

pioneers' rejection of, 52;

and social preservation, 102, 153;

for traditional community, 153, 167

Nyden, Phil, 14

O̓Donnell, Patricia, 288n8

O̓Laughlin, J., 288n8

Oldenburg, Ray, 289n30, 295n4, 295n10, 295n15

old-timers: admired traits, 147;

age, 166;

agency, 231;

alliances with homesteaders, 220, 241, 245;

alliances with pioneers, 241;

in Andersonville, 23, 130–31, 151, 154–55;

in Argyle, 23, 150–51, 154–55;

attitudes about change, 213–49;

attitudes about gentrification, 213–49;

attitudes about social preservation, 213–49;

as characters, 84, 138;

coalitions with social preservationists, 214;

communities, 82, 86–87, 90–92, 262;

and community vitality, 220–24;

conceptions of gentrifiers, 239–41;

conceptions of newcomers, 84, 138, 139, 221, 225, 239–41;

conceptions of social preservationists, 239–41;

connection to place, 168–76;

as constituting the minority of local population, 150–51;

construction of, 147, 157;

criticisms of affluence, 158;

cultural traditions, 99;

defined, 49, 147;

definitional boundaries, 146;

definitions of, 140;

displacement of, 84, 156;

as Dresden farmers, 84, 136, 141, 147–48, 154, 163–65, 198, 288n14;

(p.330) and economic struggle, 156–60;

ethnicity of, 146, 150;

exclusion from category, 150–52, 288n23;

food, 121;

and gender, 288n15;

heterogeneity of, 223–24;

independence and definition of, 154–60;

influence of, 133;

institutions, 99, 120, 169–70, 217, 244–45;

land-use traditions, 62, 99;

language barriers in Argyle, 124–25;

length of residence, 288n22;

local networks, 157–58;

and local organizations, 200;

longevity of residence, 149–50, 166–67;

merchants, 154;

middle class, 133, 226;

mobility of, 226;

natives, 150;

perceived isolation, 227;

as place-based category, 177;

Portuguese, 150, 151, 156–57;

preservation of, 19, 84;

as Provincetown fishermen, 23, 105, 112, 147–48, 154, 166;

and race, 150, 177, 261;

recognition of social preservation, 240–41;

as reflective agents, 226;

resentment of political intrusions, 84, 138–39;

role of local culture in defining, 152;

romanticization of, 75, 158;

sampling of, 294n3;

selection of, 145–79;

self-preservation, 241–47;

and sexual orientation, 150;

struggling artists, 154, 156–57, 158–59;

symbols of, 120;

terminology used to identify, 283n16;

tradition and definition of, 160–67;

townies, 149–50;

variability of attitudes, 213–49;

views of public space and community decline, 215–19;

working-class, 156

Oliver, Mary: “On Losing a House,” 34

Onion, 18

“On Losing a House” (Oliver), 34

Orvell, Miles, 289n35

Palen, J. John, 296n15

Parsons, D. J., 281n3

Parsons, Talcott, 160

Pascarella, Ernest T., 192

paternalistic advocacy, 117, 286n21;

as context specific, 124–25;

defined, 117, 124;

explained, 124–26

Pattillo, Mary, 17, 177, 211, 282n10, 282n19, 283nn12–13, 285n5, 286n19, 296n16, 298n18

Pattison, Timothy James, 294n35

Paulsen, Krista, 142

Paxton, Pamela, 289n30

Payne, David: Gravesend Light, 191

Perez, Gina, 4

perspectival variation, 103, 250

Peterson, Pamela, 32, 33

Peterson, Richard A., 148, 192, 211, 289n35, 292n20

Phelan, Jo, 291n13

Phillips, D. A., 281n3

Phillips, Martin, 281n3

pioneer (s), 5–6;

and affordable housing, 52, 122, 124;

attitudes toward displacement, 52, 53–54;

defined, 12, 48, 51;

economic success, 52;

gentrification and common good, 53, 54;

images of, 8;

investment, 53;

literature on, 8;

priorities, 53;

progentrification sentiments, 53, 114, 117–18, 122–24;

reaction to social preservation discourse, 124;

rhetoric, 124;

as ruthless, 4, 250;

safety and beautification concerns, 53, 55, 122, 124;

and transformation, 53–55, 115;

view of gentrification as natural, 53, 122;

views of social preservationists, 123

place character, 142, 167, 255;

associated with oldtimers, 92, 105, 167;

and authenticity, 56, 95, 132;

claims about, 255;

and class, 70;

influence of on old-timers' views of gentrification, 239;

institutionalization of, 243;

marketing of, 255;

in Provincetown, 35, 65;

as mediating expression of beliefs, 143;

and residents, 146;

and social homesteaders, 56;

social preservationists' concern for, 127

place-names, 122, 130, 170, 286n20;

as gentrification strategy, 122, 286n20;

as signifiers of gentrification, 97–98;

as social preservation strategy, 130–31

Podmore, Julie A., 282n15, 297n5

political abstinence, 134, 174;

consequences of, 138;

defined, 134;

and Dresden, 134–42;

influence of town policies on, 141;

and political avoidance, 106, 110, 134;

and Provincetown, 108–17;

relationship to other ideologies, 135;

source of, 138

political avoidance, 106, 110, 134

political economy, 251;

and culture, 253–54, 255, 297nn5–7;

in Dresden, 141;

scholars' attention to, 251, 253–54, 297n5

Polk, O. Elmer, 286n21

Portrait of a Woman Down East (BoltÉ), 26, 283n3

Pratt, Mary Louise, 293n29

preservation: and class, 246–47;

community, 245;

cultural, 86, 147, 284n3;

historic, 56–61;

landscape, 55–56, 61–65, 105, 172;

of old-timers, 146;

selection of residents for, 145–79;

self, 144, 160, 241, 243, 246–47;

symbolic, 11, 13, 94, 105, 132, 133, 260. See also conservation; social preservation

property taxes, 166;

increases, 60, 107, 118, 224–26, 286n25;

resistance to increases, 107

property values, 89, 228;

rising, 129, 224–25, 228, 296n23

protest, 118–19, 127–28;

decreased, 129

Provincetown Banner: and anti-gentrification artwork, 112;

gentrifcation coverage, 113, 116, 232–33;

property values reported in, 33–34

Provincetown, Massachusetts: affordable housing, 34, 52, 83, 108–10, 113, 114, 167;

Affordable Housing task force, 271;

AIDS, 33, 69, 117;

artists, 32, 33;

as arts colony, 32, 100;

Blessing of the Fleet, 111, 163, 244, 270;

Blessing (p.331) of the Fleet, 111, 163, 244, 270;

boardinghouse past, 227;

board of selectmen, 35, 156, 191, 258, 270–71;

and Cape Cod, 29;

Cape Cod School of Art, 32, 116–17;

Carnival Parade, 33, 47, 163, 270;

circuit parties, 33, 69–70;

Community Visioning task force, 271;

Comprehensive Plan, 281n1;

consequences of frequent study of, 231–33;

Conservation Committee, 271;

control of town government in, 35, 110–11;

decline in births, 83, 91;

described, 1–2, 29–35;

Fine Arts Work Center, 32, 117;

fishermen as old-timers, 23, 105, 112, 147–48, 154, 166;

fishing industry, 32, 100, 165;

Fourth of July Parade, 270;

as gay enclave, 33, 65, 79, 116, 114, 202;

gay and lesbian tourists, 32–33, 52, 69, 79, 88, 114, 116, 283n6;

and gay men, 1, 23, 32–33, 35, 51–52, 65, 68–70, 79, 88–89, 100, 110–12, 114–17, 146, 150, 154, 161, 170, 293n33;

and gentrification, 1–3, 22, 23, 33–35;

guesthouses, 33;

guest workers, 35;

Heritage Museum, 161;

and Herring Cove, 1

Historic District Commission, 60, 271;

and lesbians, 1, 23, 32–33, 35, 51–52, 65, 68–70, 79, 100, 110–12, 114–17, 146, 150, 161, 170, 293n33;

Long Range Planning Committee, 271;

map of, 31;

Native Americans, 29;

Pilgrim Monument, 33, 161;

municipal nursing home, 271;

Pilgrim Monument, 33, 161;

Pilgrims, 29;

Planning Board, 271;

Portuguese businesses, 113;

Portuguese Festival, 111, 163, 199, 244, 270;

and Portuguese residents, 32, 33, 35, 88, 89, 100, 108, 111, 116, 148, 162;

and preservation of fishermen, 8, 35, 83;

Provincetown Art Association, 105, 161, 259;

Provincetown Players, 32;

recent demographic shifts, 34, 34, 35, 115;

School Committee, 271;

seasonal workers from Czech Republic, 35;

seasonal workers from Ireland, 35;

seasonal workers from Jamaica, 35, 239;

social preservation practices in, 80, 108–17;

struggling artists, 35, 108, 113;

tourism, 32, 80;

as tourist destination, 23, 32, 33, 98;

townies, 149–50;

town meeting, 270, 271;

275^th birthday celebration, 270;

whaling, 32;

Year-Rounders' Festival, 148–49, 151, 270

P-town: Art, Sex, and Money on the Outer Cape (Manso), 233

public space, 215–19;

character of, 217, 295;

and community, 215–19;

content of, 217;

disruption of, 215–16;

heterogeneity as threat to, 217;

homogeneity of, 128, 217;

and homophobia, 115–16, 217–18;

old-timers' claims to, 217;

ownership of, 219;

parochial realm and, 219

Putnam, Robert, 288n10, 289n30, 295n4, 295n10, 296n18

Quercia, Roberto G., 214, 294n1

Quinceañra, 207

race, 150–51, 223;

and definition of old-timer, 150–51;

and diversity, 71–72, 99;

and segregation, 223;

and selection of old-timer, 177, 261. See also racism

racism, 54–55, 150–51, 187, 261, 273;

and definition of old-timer, 150–51;

and fear of crime, 55, 296n28;

and selection of old-timer, 177–78, 261, 288n11

Rado, D., 170

Radway, Janice A., 195, 289n32

Ranger, Terence, 148, 289n35

Ray, Amy: “Dirt and Dead Ends,” 14–15

real estate, 44, 89, 95, 98, 109, 111–12, 124, 129, 156, 158, 174, 187

real people, 148, 172;

and independence, 148;

and relationship to place, 148;

public definition of, 151;

and social preservationists' construction of old-timer, 145–79;

and tradition, 148

realtor(s), 6, 17, 110, 164, 187, 194, 204–5

Redfield, Robert, 289n30, 295n4

Reed, Christopher, 125

Reid, Elizabeth, 286n21

religion, 150, 170, 199;

Catholicism, 32, 117, 150, 187, 198–99, 217;

influence of, 170, 187;

and identity, 286n17

relocation, 9, 284n1, 296n26;

social homesteaders' motivations for, 10, 59, 66–67, 72;

social preservationists' motivations for, 80, 81–84, 87, 89, 96–97, 100, 164, 168, 173;

and old-timers' “voluntary displacement,” 226–33

research methods: approach, 45–46;

approach in Andersonville, 267–69;

approach in Argyle, 269–70;

approach in Dresden, 271–72;

approach in Provincetown, 270–71;

challenges, 275–76;

coding, 47–48;

comparative approach, 49–50, 143;

consequences of informants' exposure to, 231–33;

entry into field sites, 267–80;

festivals and, 47;

field notes, 46, 267–80;

formal observations, 267–80;

generalizability of findings, 181, 275, 290n3;

informal observations, 268–71;

interview questions, 273, 278–80;

interview recruitment, 273–74;

interviews, 47, 48;

interview sampling, 272–80, 290nn1–2;

interview schedule, 273, 278–80;

key informants, 275;

observation, 46;

observational sampling, 267–73;

observation of interaction, 267–80;

open-ended questions, 273;

research questions, 45–46;

researcher's identity and self-presentation, 276–77;

researcher's relationship to field sites, 1–2, 268–69, 269–70, 283n14;

sample, 48–49;

sample and civically engaged individuals, 48, 181, 274;

sampling methods, 267–80, 290n2;

site selection, 22, 49;

sites of observation, 46, 268–80;

textual resources, 46–47;

theoretically driven ethnography, 267;

three-tiered approach, 46, 267;

and use of pseudonyms, 281n1, 283n1;

(p.332) residential choice, 263, 285n5, 292n17;

as cultural, 61, 90, 96, 176, 209;

as rational, 16, 65

“Resolution and Independence” (Wordsworth), 159–60

Richards, C., 190

“Rich Gay, Poor Gay” (Colman), 233

Richmond, Maine, 27, 272

Rieder, Jonathan, 178

Riis, Jacob, 288n17

Robertson, Douglas, 214, 294n1

Robinson, Robert V., 176, 287n3, 289n34

Robinson, Tony, 294n1

Robson, Garry, 15, 17, 19, 251, 282nn8–10, 282n14, 282nn18–19, 285n5, 297n7, 297n14, 298n18

Rose, Damaris, 6, 9, 17, 18, 19, 104, 180, 189, 211, 256, 282n7, 285n5

Rothenberg, Tamar, 180, 283n8, 285n14

Rothman, Stanley, 292n16

Rotolo, Thomas, 289n30

Roy, William G., 179, 289n29, 289n35, 290n36

rural gentrification, 5, 14–15, 141

Ryden, Kent, 289n35

Ryle, Robyn R., 176, 287n3, 289n34

safety;

appreciation for, 94;

and crime reduction efforts, 42–43, 67, 93, 121, 223, 234–35;

resistance to initiatives, 106

Said, Edward, 293n29

Salamon, Sonya, 281n3, 284n1, 287nn3131–32

Savage, Mike, 292n16, 292n20

Schill, Michael H., 294n1

Schmalenbach, Herman, 153, 223

school, 92, 100, 227–28, 244–45;

and ideology, 291nn12–13;

old-timers' views of, 244

Schudson, Michael, 289n30

Schuyler, David, 288n8

Schwartz, Lisa, 286n21

Schwartzenberg, Susan, 18

Section 8 housing, 67, 269

Seely, C., 204

self-preservation, 143–44, 151, 160, 241–47, 297n30;

absence of, 161, 169;

and context, 143;

denial of, 151;

factors that encourage, 241–47

sense of community, 68, 70, 86–92, 166, 175–76, 198, 220–22, 259;

threats to, 89, 96, 214–19

Sexual Organization of the City, The (Laumann), 208

Sheridan, Jennifer T., 291n6

Shively, JoEllen, 292n20

Shorr, Kathy, 32, 117, 216, 233

Sibalis, Michael, 293n35

Simmel, Georg, 102, 203

Slater, Tom, 252

Small, Mario, 172, 252, 267, 273, 295n12

Smith, Darren P., 281n3, 283n8

Smith, Neil, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 180, 189, 190,

Smith, Neil, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 180, 189, 190, 214, 250, 282n7, 282n13, 285n5, 293n35, 294n1, 295n4, 297n30, 297n1, 297n14

Smith, Philip, 298n16

social ecology, 9, 13, 104;

threats to, 87

social homesteader(s): alliances with social preservationists, 85–86, 127, 132;

ambivalent relationship to gentrification, 55–56, 74–75, 78;

appreciation for authenticity, 55–57;

appreciation for diversity, 10, 71–75;

appreciation for landscape, 10, 61–65;

appreciation for longtimers, 61;

appreciation for melting pot, 56, 71, 75;

appreciation for nature, 61–62;

appreciation for social history, 57;

appreciation for transformation, 10, 47, 66–68, 71, 74–75, 78;

architectural preservation, 56–61;

attention to newcomers, 68–70;

attitude toward authenticity, 10;

attitude toward displacement, 59;

attitude toward progress, 10, 66–68, 74–75, 78;

building preservation, 55;

community formation, 65–71;

conflict with longtimers, 60, 62–63, 139;

conflict with newcomers, 76–77;

conflict with pioneers, 61;

conflict with social preservationists, 85;

contradictions inherent in, 11;

and crime reduction, 56;

defined, 10, 12, 47, 55–56, 250;

desire to limit rural population growth, 63;

and Dresden's Conservation Commission, 64;

and expression of beliefs, 134;

future orientation, 65–70;

history, 56–61;

identification with old-timers, 75–78;

indifference to longtimers, 68–69;

influence of context on, 123;

internal diversity, 56;

internal heterogeneity, 10, 65, 78;

landscape preservation, 10, 55–58, 61–65, 85, 140, 142;

and local organizations, 72–73;

and place characteristics, 56, 70;

reading habits, 189–90;

selfconsciousness, 55–56, 59;

self-transformation, 73;

social mobility, 183;

and social responsibility, 68;

television and film viewing, 192;

uplift strategy, 56, 75;

view of old-timers, 71, 135;

and volunteering, 73, 75

social preservation: absence of attention to, 251–57;

and accountability, 174;

and affordable housing, 80, 83, 85, 92, 106, 108;

and art, 8, 194;

breadth of, 12, 251;

consequences of expanding gentrification for, 129–30;

consequences of frontier and salvation ideology for, 121;

constancy of ideology, 11–12, 108, 143, 256, 285n5;

and context, 143–44;

contradictions inherent in, 11, 263;

and cosmopolitanism, 185, 199–202;

cultural location, 180;

and cultural omnivorism, 185;

defined, 8–9, 12, 47, 250;

and desire to give back, 114;

failures, 257–62;

as gentrification, 260–61;

historical location, 180;

ideology, 8–9, 11–12, 13, 19, 80–103, 108, 143, 153, 194–95, 201–2, 212, 256, 285n5;

ideology and demographic traits, 181;

implications for authenticity, 148;

implications for community (p.333) 148;

limits of, 19–20, 143–44;

and the local, 200;

as nostalgic, 102, 153;

origins, 15–16;

outcomes, 253, 257–62;

and place as discursive resource, 199;

place distinction, 81–103;

and political abstinence, 106;

and privilege, 157, 159, 178–79, 183, 189, 197, 203–4, 210–11, 254–55, 292n17;

as reaction to assimilation, 284n3;

and reading class, 190;

representations of, 191;

and resistance to gentrification, 80, 128, 155, 175 (see also social preservation practices);

as response to criticism of gentrification, 15;

and selection of old-timers, 146, 147;

and sense of personal culpability, 94;

and sexual identity, 202–11;

social location, 180;

and status acquisition, 255;

successes, 257–62;

as value-rational, 254. See also social preservation practices

social preservationist(s): acknowledgement of role in gentrification, 81, 93–94, 95–96, 99, 100;

admiration for old-timers' communities, 19, 80–103, 159–60, 284n3;

alliances with social homesteaders, 85–86, 127, 132;

antipathy toward other gentrifiers, 81, 86–87, 88–89, 89–91, 173, 231;

appreciation for cultural continuity, 163;

appreciation for diversity, 99, 119, 121, 284n3, 295n15;

appreciation for independence, 154–60;

appreciation for manual labor, 156;

appreciation for old-timers, 19, 80–103, 121, 284n3;

appreciation for tradition, 160–67;

appreciation for ungentrified space, 80, 153;

association of community with others, 148, 153;

attitudes toward displacement, 83, 84, 86–87, 127, 128–9, 199, 224;

books, 189–90, 195;

class position, 182–89;

compared to other preservationists, 287n8;

conflicts with social homesteaders, 85;

construction of local community, 163–64, 172;

construction of local tradition, 163–64;

cosmopolitanism, 199–202;

critique of tourism, 80, 98;

cultural objects' influence on, 192–96;

cultural tastes, 189–96;

cultural traits, 108, 180;

defined, 8–9, 47;

demographic traits, 108, 180, 181 291nn5–6;

distance from old-timers, 173–74;

distaste for financial success, 154, 157–58;

distaste for gentrification, 84, 88, 94, 96, 99, 157–58;

distaste for privilege, 159;

distinctions from other gentrifiers, 99–100, 101, 182, 184, 185;

distinctions from social homesteaders, 127, 132, 135–36, 250–51;

education, 184–85;

film viewing, 180, 191, 192, 195;

identification as gentrifiers, 100, 255;

ideology, 8–9, 19, 80–103, 108, 153, 194, 195, 202, 212;

impetus for relocation, 80, 83–84, 96–97, 100, 164, 173;

and landscape preservation, 172;

lifestyle, 182;

and local organizations, 119–20, 220;

number of, 12;

occupation, 185, 185–89;

omnivorous orientation, 192, 196;

origin stories, 81–83;

personal culpability, 94, 174–75, 262;

place of origin, 197–99;

and political quandaries, 106;

privilege, 211;

reading habits, 180, 189–90;

relationship to community, 147, 175–76;

relationship to gay and lesbian newcomers, 89;

relationship to place of origin, 161;

residential patterns, 196–202;

resistance to gentrification, 80, 92, 97, 101;

resistance to historic preservation, 85;

romanticization of oldtimers, 81, 102;

self-consciousness, xi, 12, 100, 107, 259;

self-criticisms, 8, 12, 86–87, 89–90, 100, 157, 173;

self-perceived inauthenticity, 157, 173, 176, 262;

self-reflexivity, 11, 81, 185;

and sexual identity, 202–11;

social location, 180–81, 202, 211;

social mobility, 182;

social reproduction, 182;

status security, 189, 210, 211;

television viewing, 180, 189–90, 191, 192, 195;

views of diversity, 90–91;

views of other gentrifiers, 174, 231, 282n6. See also virtuous marginality

social preservation practices: in Andersonville, 126–34;

in Argyle, 117–26;

and art, 9, 80, 95, 104, 117, 156, 172, 188;

role of art, 105, 111–13, 133;

benefits, 107;

and block clubs, 106, 117;

and community meetings, 118, 119;

and comprehensive plans, 140, 281n1, 283n4;

in Dresden, 134–42;

emotional, 107;

financial, 84, 106–7, 121, 126;

influence of local context on, 20, 104, 108, 123, 140, 142–43;

as mutually constitutive, 108, 123–24, 133–34;

outlined, 9, 47, 101, 104;

paternalistic advocacy, 117, 124–25;

as place-specific, 107–8, 142;

political, 83, 104, 105–6, 108–10, 114, 126;

and political abstinence, 106, 110–11, 134, 142, 174;

private, 84, 95, 104, 106–7, 113–14, 126, 137;

in Provincetown, 80, 108–17;

and racism, 261;

by research site, 109;

risks of symbolic, 105;

symbolic, 104, 105, 111–13, 128, 133, 136;

variation in, 107–8, 142, 144;

volunteer work, 95, 138

Solnit, Rebecca, 18

Sontag, Susan: In America, 191

Sorkin, Alan L., 291n6

Spain, Daphne, 5, 10, 19, 51, 124, 219, 281n3, 282n14, 285n5, 294n1, 297n1

stage of gentrification, 239;

in Andersonville, 236;

in Argyle, 236;

in Dresden, 140–41;

and evolution of gentrifiers' ideology and practices, 285n5;

influence on old-timers' views of gentrifiers, 236, 239;

influence on social preservation practices, 108, 129–30;

nostalgia for earlier, 240;

pioneers' attention to, 123;

in Provincetown, 236

Stansell, Christine, 288n16

Starbucks: as indicator of displacement, 74, 117;

as indicator of gentrification, 94, 97, 119, 207;

as indicator of positive change, 58, 237;

as threat to authenticity, 91, 155, 165

Stratton, Jim, 6

Strauss, Anselm, 12

(p.334) streetscape: Andersonville's Swedish, 37, 49, 109, 125–26, 128, 130, 132–33, 145–46, 152, 170, 243–44, 250, 267–68;

Argyle's Asian-themed, 8, 54–55, 105, 109, 120–21, 125–26, 172, 245, 260, 269, 273;

contest over, 243–44;

and displacement, 145;

and institutionalization of character, 243;

longtimers' attitudes toward, 145;

meetings and data collection, 48, 273;

Neighborhoods Alive! and, 125–26;

and social preservation practices, 104–5, 109, 120–21, 125–26, 145, 165, 168–69, 172

Stueve, Ann, 291n13

subculture, 160, 175

suburbs: as inauthentic, 99, 161;

rejection of, 102, 197–98

Suttles, Gerald, 153, 170, 178, 289n27, 295n6

Swedish community. See Andersonville

Swidler, Ann, 142, 256, 285n4, 287nn34–35, 297n13, 298n17

Tambyah, Siok Kuan, 200

tax increases: implications for longtimers, 84, 224–25;

as threat to authenticity, 84

tax policies: for elderly, 131, 225–226;

protective, 131, 225–226

Taylor, Ella, 207

Taylor, Monique, 6, 10, 17, 79, 282n10, 282n13, 282nn18–19, 283n13, 285n5, 287n6, 298n18

Terinzini, Patrick T., 192

Thompson, Craig, 200

Tilly, Charles, 297n13

Tobin, Gary, 294n1, 295n11

Tönies, Ferdinand, 102, 219, 289n30, 295n4

tourism, 137, 297n10;

and authenticity, 81, 293n30;

critique of, 80, 116, 156;

and gentrification, 5, 67, 156, 260;

influence on culture, 231

tradition, 160–67;

accessible, 165;

construction of local, 163–64;

unique, 162–63

Trilling, Lionel, 289n35

Turnstall, Jeremy, 292n16

ungentrified space, 92, 97;

appreciation for, 9, 80, 93, 95–96, 99, 153

uplift: of old-timers, 71, 183;

of place, 183–84;

of self, 183–84

Uptown, 37, 41, 283n2;

and affordable housing debates, 118–33, 194;

and community, 72–73, 98, 194;

and gentrification, 91, 94, 97, 98;

Queer to the Left, 118–19, 204–5, 269, 294n38

urban invader, 12, 13

Van Liere, Kent D., 297n31

Ventresca, Marc, 298n15

Vigdor, Jacob L., 294n1, 296n22

virtuous marginality, 148, 289n29;

explained, 175;

implications of, 175, 262;

and morality, 174–75;

origins, 173;

relationship to authenticity, 172–73;

relationship to inauthenticity, 172–73;

and self-criticisms, 173

volunteer work: and Dresden's fire department, 75, 89–90;

and Dresden's thrift shop, 137;

social homesteaders', 73, 75;

social preservationists', 95, 138;

and Swedish American Museum, 95

Vorse, Mary Heaton, 29, 32

Walker, Alice: “Everyday Use,” 192–94

Walton, John, 153, 297n31

Warner, W. Lloyd, 284n1

Warren, John Robert, 291n6

Warren, Roland, 295n10, 296n18

Waters, Mary C., 287n3

Weber, Max, 11, 102, 254, 285n4

Weiner, Terry S., 192

Weiss, Richard, 288n21

Wellman, Barry, 289n30

Will and Grace, 192, 207, 257

Williams, Monte, 207

Williams, Raymond, xi

Wirth, Louis, 219, 289n30, 295n4

Wordsworth, William: “Resolution and Independence,” 159–60

working class: homesteaders' identification with, 78

Wright, Nathan, 161, 168

Wuthnow, Robert, 142, 289n32

Yardley, Jim, 190

Yin, Yu Hui: “Context in Architecture,” 281n5

youth: gentrifiers' fear of, 73;

as threat to gentrifi-cation efforts, 55. See also children

yuppie(s): as inauthentic, 97;

popular representations of, 14, 18, 74, 91, 106, 112, 205;

selfidentification as, 173;

as threat to old-timers, 14–15, 107, 190, 236;

and upgrading, 237

Zelizer, Viviana, 284n3

Zernike, Kate, 204

Zimmerman, Carle C., 200

Zipp, John F., 192

zoning restrictions, 85;

social preservationists' resistance to rural, 85, 106, 135

Zorbaugh, Harvey Warren, 289n30, 295n4

Zukin, Sharon, 5, 6, 7, 9, 16, 18, 19, 60, 93, 214, 219, 228, 231, 281n4, 282n7, 282nn18–19, 285n14, 294n1, 295n4, 297n1

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(p.321) Index

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