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(p.321) Index
(p.321) Index
Note: Italicized page numbers indicate illustrations.
Abu-Lughod, Janet, 7
Advocate: coverage of gentrification in Provincetown, 112
affordable housing, 13, 161, 285n6, 285n9;
consultant, 34;
and drug testing, 124;
explanations for advocacy, 114;
extra-local advocacy for, 129;
and gentrifiers' motivations for moving, 4;
and pioneers, 52;
populations served, 281n1;
in Provincetown, 2, 34, 52, 83, 85, 99, 108–10, 113–14, 116–17, 146, 156–59, 167, 174–75, 187–88, 194, 271, 276;
Provincetown Artist Live-in Studio Space, 108;
Alanen, Arnold, 172
Andersonville: affordable housing, 126–29, 131, 268;
described, 35–41;
Easter Procession, 268;
expansion, of 129–30;
as gay enclave, 202;
Lebanese merchants, 49;
map of, 38;
social preservation practices in, 126–34;
Andersonville Streetscape Committee, 170
Andert, John, 113
Antani, Jay, 207
Apgar, William C.,1985
Argyle: affordable housing, 49–50, 117–22, 124, 126–27, 269;
Community of Uptown Residents for Affordability and Justice, 118;
description of, 41–45;
Essanay Studios, 41;
ethnic and racial character, 242;
frontier and salvation rhetoric in, 121;
gay bar, 44;
Green Mill, 41;
as Jewish enclave, 8;
Korean restaurants, 201;
Latinos, 41;
Little Saigon, 41;
map of, 38;
old-timers' English language barriers, 124–26;
Organization of the North East, 118;
Prohibition, 41;
research challenges in, 275–76;
single-resident-occupancy hotels, 42;
social service agencies, 41–42;
residents' perspectives on Andersonville's expansion, 130–31;
synagogue, 41;
three-flats, 59;
Vietnamese Chamber, 222–23;
Vietnamtown, 158
Argyle Streetscape Task Force, 91
authenticity: artistic depictions of, 288n19;
associated with financial struggle, 156;
associated with newcomers, 65–68;
centers, 161;
class and, 150;
and commerce, 169;
consequences of, 175–76;
consequences of constructions of, 147;
consequences of definitions of, 178;
construction of, 147–48;
and cultural continuity, 151;
and economic struggle, 159;
and elderly, 118;
fabrication of, 148;
and food, 160–61;
and future orientation, 65–68;
gay men and lesbians as markers of, 68–70;
and globalization, 89;
historical, 56–61;
homogeneity as threat to, 128;
and independence, 154–60;
indicators of, 148;
as interpretive process, 148;
invention of, 148;
and language, 160–61;
and local history, 57;
and longevity of residence, 166;
loss of, 88;
manual labor, 156;
and mutual dependence, 159;
occupation and, 150;
and old-timers' character, 139;
and old-timers' political ideologies, 139;
and origin stories, 81–83;
preconceived notions of, 148;
race and, 150;
regional, 137;
and relationship to place, 168;
as reward, 255;
self-dependence and, 154–60;
and small businesses, 155;
visibility of markers of, 165;
Barbaro, Michael, 143–44
Bearman, Peter, 172
beautification: advocacy for, 124;
and pioneers, 124;
risks of, 145–46;
and social homesteaders, 71–75
Bennett, Larry, 41
block club(s), 131, 170, 220, 296n19;
as agents of gentrification, 275;
and crime reduction goals, 42–43;
and neighborhood safety goals, 46;
and neighborhoods' shifting boundaries, 44;
pioneers' participation in, 104;
viewed as sites of community by old-timers, 220–22
Bobo, Lawrence, 192
Bragg, Mary Ann, 245
“Breakwater” (Doty), 35
Breton, Raymond, 170
Burgess, Ernest W., 169
Butler, Mary Ellen, 112
Caulfield, Jon, 16, 17, 18, 19, 180, 189, 203, 211, 264, 282nn7–10, 282n19, 283n20, 284n2, 284n4, 285nn2–3, 285n5, 296n26, 297n7, 298n18
Chamber of Commerce. See under Andersonville
change: gentrifiers' appreciation for, 6, 115;
as inevitable, 76;
old-timers' fear of, 235–36;
old-timers' response to, 213–247;
as positive, 233;
resistance to, 167;
children, 15, 93, 99, 166;
absence of, 91;
fear of, 73;
and future displacement of, 89;
as justification for gentrification, 124;
seeking economic opportunity 229–31;
social preservationists' concern for, 186
Christenson, James A., 102
Colman, David: “Rich Gay, Poor Gay,” 233
community: association of independence with, 154–60, 288n10;
association with place, 168–72;
association of tradition with, 160–67;
centers, 161;
and change (see change);
claims to, 147;
cohesiveness, 198;
and collective memory, 87–88;
and commerce, 169;
conceptions of, 147;
consequences of conceptions of, 147;
consequences of social preservation for, 262;
construction of, 163;
cultural tradition, 92;
disruption of, 214;
and enduring ties, 160;
and ethnic business associations, 222;
evaluation of, 90;
and farming, 137;
flavor of, 98;
and food, 160–61;
heterogeneity as threat to, 219;
historical, 89;
as home, 82–83;
and homeownership, 72;
ideologies about, 175–76;
imagined, 176;
implications
(p.324)
of transience for, 172;
indicators of, 90;
as intergenerational, 166–67;
and language, 161;
lineage-based, 92;
and longevity of residence, 166;
and mutual dependence, 159;
of newcomers, 65–70;
policing forums, 221;
and privatization, 215;
and public space, 215–19;
recognition, 153;
and relationship to place, 168;
and shared space, 168;
sites of, 221;
threats to, 102;
condominiums: in Andersonville, 39, 93, 129, 225, 267;
and building preservation, 60–61;
and gentrifiers, 18;
perceived as tasteless, 58;
as symbol, 58–59;
conflict: between gentrifiers and longtime residents, 7;
“Context in Architecture” (Yin), 281n5
Coontz, Stephanie, 153
cultural continuity, 163
cultural toolkit, 142
culture: and action, 254;
and agency, 254;
and community, 87;
continuity of, 163;
heterogeneity of as threat to community, 217;
and ideology, 142–43;
of middle class, 252;
perceived uniformity of, 252;
and practices, 142–43;
as product and producer of capital, 251;
relationship to demographic traits, 14;
relationship to political economy, 254;
and sources of coherence, 256;
and symbolic capital, 254;
as threatening or threatened, 143;
Cunningham, Michael, 233
Davis, Fred, 153
Davis, James A., 192
Davis, Julie, 14
DeAre, Diana, 281n4
“Dirt and Dead Ends” (Ray), 14–15
displacement: advocacy for, 123;
averted, 238;
preventative measures in Dresden, 140–42;
of “local families,” 166;
of mentally ill, 128–29;
of middle class, 224–26;
of property owners, 224–26;
social homesteaders' attitudes toward, 59;
as threat to community, 86–87;
“voluntary,” 226–33
diversity, 282n16, 282n18;
and cosmopolitanism, 71;
criticisms of, 99;
cultural, 74;
as display, 99;
economic, 91;
ethnic, 91;
gay men's and lesbians' appreciation for, 203–4;
old-timers' appreciation for, 238;
perceived as problematic, 67;
as tossed salad, 194
Doty, Mark: “Breakwater,” 35
Dresden, Maine: affordable housing, 134, 138, 140–41;
Brick School House Museum, 161;
Circuit Breaker Program, 141;
described, 24–29;
dual-income couples, 27–28;
Eastern River, 62;
factors discouraging displacement in, 140–42;
farming, 26;
Finance Committee, 28;
ice harvesting, 26;
and Kennebec River, 24;
library, 271;
map of, 25;
newsletter, 64;
retirees, 27;
rural character, 64;
Russian immigrants, 26–27;
schools, 29;
School Committee, 28;
Select Board, 271;
shipbuilding, 26;
Snowmobile Club, 271;
social preservation practices in, 134–42;
Solid Waste Committee, 28;
tax policy, 141;
thrift shop, 138–39;
and tourism, 137;
trailers, 141;
Eckland, Bruce K., 192
Edgewater Development Corporation, 130
Edlynn, Emily, 14
Eight Forty-Eight, 85
elderly, 86, 188;
and protections against displacement of, 130;
impact of rising property taxes on, 60;
longtimers' concern for, 116;
Eliasoph, Nina, 134
Everson, Jennie G., 26
“Everyday Use” (Walker), 192–94
families: as authentic, 91–92, 102, 160, 165, 288n22;
as embodying community, 167;
and neighborhood change, 222;
farmer: as icon, 77;
associated with place, 162,
and community-supported agriculture, 137;
and self-sufficiency, 154–60
festivals, 284n1;
Andersonville Easter Procession, 268;
and construction of old-timer, 151;
influence on
(p.326)
selection of old-timer, 163;
Provincetown Birthday Celebration, 270;
Provincetown Fourth of July Parade, 270
as symbolic preservation method, 111
frontier and salvation ideology, 5, 124, 180, 186, 250, 282n6, 285n5;
consequences of for social preservation, 121;
influence of, 143;
practices, 121;
rhetoric, 121
gay men: appreciation for heterogeneity, 203–4;
attacks on, 115–16;
and circuit parties, 69–70;
exposure to gentrification, 207;
as marker of authenticity, 68–70;
as perceived threat to authenticity, 208;
relationship to authenticity in Provincetown, 68–70;
representations of role in gentrification, 203–7;
self-consciousness about perceived role in gentrification, 203–11;
stereotypes about, 207–8;
Gay Metropolis, A History of Gay Life in New York, The (Kaiser), 207
gentrification: accompanying practices and attitudes, 4, 8;
beliefs about, 21;
breadth of, 102;
defined, 4;
distaste for, 99;
expanding, 129;
expansion and neighborhood accountability, 130;
gay men and, 8, 37, 53, 85, 89, 93–95, 100, 110–12, 114, 116, 118, 119, 187, 202, 203–11, 285n14, 293n35;
and identity construction, 79;
images of, 102;
and infrastructural transformation, 4;
negative overtones, 15;
old-timers' perceptions of, 213–49;
orientations to, 78–79;
outcomes, 19;
perceived economic benefits, 233–38;
perceived cultural benefits, 238;
perceived as natural, 122;
place-names as signifiers of, 97–98;
residents' response to, 22;
symbols of, 93;
use of term, 124
gentrifier(s): appreciation for community, 284n2;
cultures and demographic traits, 14;
cultures and economic capital, 14;
consequences of image of, 251;
criticisms of, 257;
demographic traits, 180–81;
(p.327)
distinctions among, 101;
diverse attitudes and practices, 19;
as economically rational, 19;
fear of transformation, 6;
fear of youth, 73;
fluidity of categories, 187;
iconic pioneer, 253;
ideal types, 11;
and ideological consistency, 11–12;
image of, 251;
middle class, 102;
multiple orientations, 13;
practices and attitudes of, 4;
previous explanations for ideological variation, 7;
relationship to longtimers, 7;
self-consciousness as deceptive, 17;
self-consciousness as hypocritical, 18;
self-consciousness as inconsequential, 17–18;
self-consciousness as ironic, 17;
selfreflexivity, 79;
typologies defined, 12, 13. See also pioneer(s); social homesteader(s); social preservationist(s); yuppie(s)
Glaser, Barney, 12
Gotham, Kevin Fox, 5
government, 16,
influence on social preservation practices, 142,
and social preservationists' employment, 185;
Gravesend Light (Payne), 191
grounded theory, 12
Gusfield, Joseph R., 219
Hall, Phil, 207
Hannerz, Ulf, 200
Hardesty, Donald L., 172
Hirsch, Arnold R., 178
history: agrarian, 63;
claims to, 160;
imagined, 96;
recent, 96;
renderings of, 161;
sense of, 160–61;
and social homesteaders, 56–61
Holstein, James A., 148
homesteader. See social homesteader
housing: remodeling, 60;
Hunter, Albert, 102, 170, 175, 176, 177, 219, 223, 284n3, 285n5, 287n3, 289n30, 295n4, 295n10, 296nn18–19
ideal types, 11
identity: class, 78, 116;
community, 79;
conflict over, 114;
as context-specific, 144;
gay and lesbian, 114;
moral, 176;
and privilege, 147;
racial, 78;
regional, 78;
selection of, 147;
ideological consistency, 11–12
ideology: and action, 287n34;
coherence of, 256–57;
and culture, 142–43;
and education, 184–85;
influence of, 142;
political, 78;
relationship to context, 142;
relationship to practice, 108;
social homesteading, 55;
sources of differences, 181;
relationship to political-economic positions, 20;
variation in expressions of, 142;
In America (Sontag), 191
independent businesses: appreciation for, 97, 154–58;
displacement of, 145–46;
displacement of as necessary casualties, 59;
Vietnamese, 155
institutions, 161–62, 169, 170;
influence on social preservationists, 194;
limits of, 171;
as mediating factors, 170;
and methods, 267–72;
old-timers' preservation efforts, 244–45
Jaster, Robert, 26
Johnson, John, 98
Kaiser, Charles: The Gay Metropolis: A History of Gay Life in New York, 207
Kirby, David, 14
Klawans, Stuart, 207
Kleinman, Sheryl, 176
Kramer, Mark, 26
Lakeview. See Boystown
landscape: Dresden's, 28, 61, 79, 82, 84;
as peopled, 168;
and rural gentrification, 5;
as social, 168–69;
threats to, 168–69
Larson, C., 155
Laumann, Edward: The Sexual Organization of the City, 208
Lee, Helene, 298
Leff, Lisa, 203
Lehane, Dennis: Mystic River, 191
lesbians: appreciation for heterogeneity, 203–4;
desire to form enclave, 115;
exclusion from old-timer category, 150;
as first-wave gentrifiers, 37;
and gentrification of Andersonville, 37;
as markers of authenticity, 68–70;
and relationship to authenticity in Provincetown, 68–70;
relocation of, 209;
libertarianism, 38;
consequences of, 138;
and political abstinence, 138;
and social preservation, 138–42;
sources, 139
Licari, Frederick C., 192
Lofland, Lyn, 219
Macgregor, Lyn, 281n3
Manso, Peter: P-town: Art, Sex, and Money on the Outer Cape, 233
McLaughlin, Abraham T., 138
McNulty, Elizabeth, 41
meetings: Chicago, 14, 53–55, 68, 72, 98, 99, 117–32, 151, 155, 170, 188, 205–6, 220–21, 235–36, 243, 260;
Melnick, Robert, 172
mentally ill residents: in Argyle, 41–42, 67, 73–74, 121–22, 151–52, 186, 188, 269;
displacement of and loss of authenticity, 128–29;
resistance to displacement, 146
Merton, Robert K., 200
Miller, Gale, 148
Mitchell, Don, 6
Mohr, John, 298
Mystic River (Lehane), 191
Neighborhoods Alive!: as gentrification strategy, 125–26;
as social preservation strategy, 125–26;
and streetscapes, 125–26
New York Times: coverage of gay and lesbian gentrifiers, 203–4, 207;
coverage of gentrification in Provincetown, 233;
social homesteaders' and preservationists' reading habits, 189–90
Nyden, Phil, 14
old-timers: admired traits, 147;
age, 166;
agency, 231;
alliances with pioneers, 241;
attitudes about change, 213–49;
attitudes about gentrification, 213–49;
attitudes about social preservation, 213–49;
coalitions with social preservationists, 214;
and community vitality, 220–24;
conceptions of gentrifiers, 239–41;
conceptions of social preservationists, 239–41;
connection to place, 168–76;
as constituting the minority of local population, 150–51;
criticisms of affluence, 158;
cultural traditions, 99;
definitional boundaries, 146;
definitions of, 140;
(p.330)
and economic struggle, 156–60;
food, 121;
heterogeneity of, 223–24;
independence and definition of, 154–60;
influence of, 133;
language barriers in Argyle, 124–25;
local networks, 157–58;
and local organizations, 200;
merchants, 154;
mobility of, 226;
natives, 150;
perceived isolation, 227;
as place-based category, 177;
recognition of social preservation, 240–41;
as reflective agents, 226;
role of local culture in defining, 152;
selection of, 145–79;
self-preservation, 241–47;
and sexual orientation, 150;
symbols of, 120;
tradition and definition of, 160–67;
townies, 149–50;
variability of attitudes, 213–49;
views of public space and community decline, 215–19;
working-class, 156
Oliver, Mary: “On Losing a House,” 34
Onion, 18
“On Losing a House” (Oliver), 34
Parsons, D. J., 281n3
Parsons, Talcott, 160
Pascarella, Ernest T., 192
Paulsen, Krista, 142
Payne, David: Gravesend Light, 191
Perez, Gina, 4
Phillips, D. A., 281n3
Phillips, Martin, 281n3
pioneer (s), 5–6;
economic success, 52;
images of, 8;
investment, 53;
literature on, 8;
priorities, 53;
reaction to social preservation discourse, 124;
rhetoric, 124;
views of social preservationists, 123
place character, 142, 167, 255;
claims about, 255;
and class, 70;
influence of on old-timers' views of gentrification, 239;
institutionalization of, 243;
marketing of, 255;
as mediating expression of beliefs, 143;
and residents, 146;
and social homesteaders, 56;
social preservationists' concern for, 127
place-names, 122, 130, 170, 286n20;
as signifiers of gentrification, 97–98;
as social preservation strategy, 130–31
political abstinence, 134, 174;
consequences of, 138;
defined, 134;
and Dresden, 134–42;
influence of town policies on, 141;
and Provincetown, 108–17;
relationship to other ideologies, 135;
source of, 138
preservation: and class, 246–47;
community, 245;
historic, 56–61;
of old-timers, 146;
selection of residents for, 145–79;
Provincetown, Massachusetts: affordable housing, 34, 52, 83, 108–10, 113, 114, 167;
Affordable Housing task force, 271;
boardinghouse past, 227;
and Cape Cod, 29;
Community Visioning task force, 271;
Comprehensive Plan, 281n1;
consequences of frequent study of, 231–33;
Conservation Committee, 271;
Fourth of July Parade, 270;
and gay men, 1, 23, 32–33, 35, 51–52, 65, 68–70, 79, 88–89, 100, 110–12, 114–17, 146, 150, 154, 161, 170, 293n33;
guesthouses, 33;
guest workers, 35;
Heritage Museum, 161;
and Herring Cove, 1
and lesbians, 1, 23, 32–33, 35, 51–52, 65, 68–70, 79, 100, 110–12, 114–17, 146, 150, 161, 170, 293n33;
Long Range Planning Committee, 271;
map of, 31;
Native Americans, 29;
municipal nursing home, 271;
Pilgrims, 29;
Planning Board, 271;
Portuguese businesses, 113;
Provincetown Players, 32;
School Committee, 271;
seasonal workers from Czech Republic, 35;
seasonal workers from Ireland, 35;
townies, 149–50;
275th birthday celebration, 270;
whaling, 32;
P-town: Art, Sex, and Money on the Outer Cape (Manso), 233
public space, 215–19;
and community, 215–19;
content of, 217;
disruption of, 215–16;
heterogeneity as threat to, 217;
old-timers' claims to, 217;
ownership of, 219;
parochial realm and, 219
Quinceañra, 207
Rado, D., 170
Ray, Amy: “Dirt and Dead Ends,” 14–15
real people, 148, 172;
and independence, 148;
and relationship to place, 148;
public definition of, 151;
and social preservationists' construction of old-timer, 145–79;
and tradition, 148
Reed, Christopher, 125
research methods: approach, 45–46;
approach in Andersonville, 267–69;
approach in Argyle, 269–70;
approach in Dresden, 271–72;
approach in Provincetown, 270–71;
challenges, 275–76;
coding, 47–48;
consequences of informants' exposure to, 231–33;
entry into field sites, 267–80;
festivals and, 47;
formal observations, 267–80;
informal observations, 268–71;
interview recruitment, 273–74;
key informants, 275;
observation, 46;
observational sampling, 267–73;
observation of interaction, 267–80;
open-ended questions, 273;
research questions, 45–46;
researcher's identity and self-presentation, 276–77;
sample, 48–49;
textual resources, 46–47;
theoretically driven ethnography, 267;
“Resolution and Independence” (Wordsworth), 159–60
Richards, C., 190
“Rich Gay, Poor Gay” (Colman), 233
Rieder, Jonathan, 178
Schwartzenberg, Susan, 18
Seely, C., 204
self-preservation, 143–44, 151, 160, 241–47, 297n30;
and context, 143;
denial of, 151;
factors that encourage, 241–47
Sexual Organization of the City, The (Laumann), 208
Slater, Tom, 252
Smith, Neil, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 180, 189, 190, 214, 250, 282n7, 282n13, 285n5, 293n35, 294n1, 295n4, 297n30, 297n1, 297n14
social homesteader(s): alliances with social preservationists, 85–86, 127, 132;
appreciation for authenticity, 55–57;
appreciation for longtimers, 61;
appreciation for nature, 61–62;
appreciation for social history, 57;
architectural preservation, 56–61;
attention to newcomers, 68–70;
attitude toward authenticity, 10;
attitude toward displacement, 59;
building preservation, 55;
community formation, 65–71;
conflict with newcomers, 76–77;
conflict with pioneers, 61;
conflict with social preservationists, 85;
contradictions inherent in, 11;
and crime reduction, 56;
desire to limit rural population growth, 63;
and Dresden's Conservation Commission, 64;
and expression of beliefs, 134;
future orientation, 65–70;
history, 56–61;
identification with old-timers, 75–78;
indifference to longtimers, 68–69;
influence of context on, 123;
internal diversity, 56;
and local organizations, 72–73;
reading habits, 189–90;
self-transformation, 73;
social mobility, 183;
and social responsibility, 68;
television and film viewing, 192;
social preservation: absence of attention to, 251–57;
and accountability, 174;
consequences of expanding gentrification for, 129–30;
consequences of frontier and salvation ideology for, 121;
and context, 143–44;
cultural location, 180;
and cultural omnivorism, 185;
and desire to give back, 114;
failures, 257–62;
as gentrification, 260–61;
historical location, 180;
ideology and demographic traits, 181;
implications for authenticity, 148;
and the local, 200;
origins, 15–16;
and place as discursive resource, 199;
place distinction, 81–103;
and political abstinence, 106;
and reading class, 190;
representations of, 191;
as response to criticism of gentrification, 15;
and sense of personal culpability, 94;
and sexual identity, 202–11;
social location, 180;
and status acquisition, 255;
successes, 257–62;
social preservationist(s): acknowledgement of role in gentrification, 81, 93–94, 95–96, 99, 100;
appreciation for cultural continuity, 163;
appreciation for independence, 154–60;
appreciation for manual labor, 156;
appreciation for tradition, 160–67;
class position, 182–89;
conflicts with social homesteaders, 85;
construction of local tradition, 163–64;
cosmopolitanism, 199–202;
cultural objects' influence on, 192–96;
cultural tastes, 189–96;
distance from old-timers, 173–74;
distaste for privilege, 159;
education, 184–85;
and landscape preservation, 172;
lifestyle, 182;
number of, 12;
origin stories, 81–83;
place of origin, 197–99;
and political quandaries, 106;
privilege, 211;
relationship to gay and lesbian newcomers, 89;
relationship to place of origin, 161;
residential patterns, 196–202;
resistance to historic preservation, 85;
and sexual identity, 202–11;
social mobility, 182;
social reproduction, 182;
views of diversity, 90–91;
social preservation practices: in Andersonville, 126–34;
in Argyle, 117–26;
benefits, 107;
in Dresden, 134–42;
emotional, 107;
and racism, 261;
by research site, 109;
risks of symbolic, 105;
Solnit, Rebecca, 18
Sontag, Susan: In America, 191
stage of gentrification, 239;
in Andersonville, 236;
in Argyle, 236;
in Dresden, 140–41;
nostalgia for earlier, 240;
pioneers' attention to, 123;
in Provincetown, 236
Stratton, Jim, 6
Strauss, Anselm, 12
(p.334)
streetscape: Andersonville's Swedish, 37, 49, 109, 125–26, 128, 130, 132–33, 145–46, 152, 170, 243–44, 250, 267–68;
contest over, 243–44;
and displacement, 145;
and institutionalization of character, 243;
longtimers' attitudes toward, 145;
Neighborhoods Alive! and, 125–26;
Swedish community. See Andersonville
Tambyah, Siok Kuan, 200
Taylor, Ella, 207
Terinzini, Patrick T., 192
Thompson, Craig, 200
virtuous marginality, 148, 289n29;
explained, 175;
and morality, 174–75;
origins, 173;
relationship to authenticity, 172–73;
relationship to inauthenticity, 172–73;
and self-criticisms, 173
volunteer work: and Dresden's fire department, 75, 89–90;
and Dresden's thrift shop, 137;
and Swedish American Museum, 95
Walker, Alice: “Everyday Use,” 192–94
Weiner, Terry S., 192
Williams, Monte, 207
Williams, Raymond, xi
Wordsworth, William: “Resolution and Independence,” 159–60
working class: homesteaders' identification with, 78
Yardley, Jim, 190
Yin, Yu Hui: “Context in Architecture,” 281n5
Zernike, Kate, 204
Zimmerman, Carle C., 200
Zipp, John F., 192