Contents
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The Social Question and the Social Movement The Social Question and the Social Movement
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Overestimating the Centrality and Unity of Labor Overestimating the Centrality and Unity of Labor
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An Ideological Spectrum An Ideological Spectrum
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Progress Progress
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Two Social Movements and the Idea of Progress
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Published:March 2012
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Abstract
The roots of the modern social movement can be traced to Europe and America in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, particularly the Great Awakening in the American colonies and religious mobilizations during the Protestant Reformation in Europe. By the early nineteenth century, the social movement was a form of collective action transposable across issues and populations to express grievances and desires. Theorists of “resource mobilization” focused on how people organize and marshal resources to pursue these grievances or desires. This chapter examines the limitations of the notion of a Left–Right political spectrum for understanding social movements that resisted prevailing ideas of progress and rooted in tradition. It looks at how the idea of social movement combined with democracy and republicanism to bring about a new notion of society. The chapter also discusses the “social question” raised by capitalist industrialization, along with poverty and class relations, as well as arguments that material necessity made social change inevitable.
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